Whispering gallery microsensors: a review

Optical whispering gallery mode (WGM) microresonators, confining resonant photons in a microscale resonator for long periods of time, could strongly enhance light-matter interaction, making it an ideal platform for all kinds of sensors. In this paper, an overview of optical sensors based on WGM microresonators is comprehensively summarized. First, the fundamental sensing mechanisms as well as several recently developed enhanced sensing techniques are introduced. Then, different types of WGM structures for sensing as well as microfluidics techniques are summarized. Furthermore, several important sensing parameters are discussed. Most importantly, a variety of WGM sensing applications are reviewed, including both traditional matter sensing and field sensing. Last, we give a brief summary and perspective of the WGM sensors and their role in future applications.

[1]  Hongying Zhu,et al.  Rapid and label-free detection of breast cancer biomarker CA15-3 in clinical human serum samples with optofluidic ring resonator sensors. , 2009, Analytical chemistry.

[2]  S. Berneschi,et al.  High Q silica microbubble resonators fabricated by arc discharge. , 2011, Optics letters.

[3]  Vittorio M. N. Passaro,et al.  Ammonia Optical Sensing by Microring Resonators , 2007, Sensors.

[4]  Síle Nic Chormaic,et al.  Frequency Comb Generation at Near Visible Wavelengths in a Microbubble Resonator , 2016 .

[5]  Adam L. Washburn,et al.  Quantitative, label-free detection of five protein biomarkers using multiplexed arrays of silicon photonic microring resonators. , 2010, Analytical chemistry.

[6]  Chung-Yen Chao,et al.  Design and optimization of microring resonators in biochemical sensing applications , 2006, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[7]  F. Nori,et al.  Optomechanically induced stochastic resonance and chaos transfer between optical fields , 2016, Nature Photonics.

[8]  Lei Zhang,et al.  Micro/nanofiber optical sensors , 2011 .

[9]  Hongying Zhu,et al.  Label-free detection with the liquid core optical ring resonator sensing platform. , 2009, Methods in molecular biology.

[10]  Robert C. Dunn,et al.  Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators for Rapid Label-Free Biosensing in Small Volume Droplets , 2015, Biosensors.

[11]  Julie Lutti,et al.  A monolithic optical sensor based on whispering-gallery modes in polystyrene microspheres , 2008 .

[12]  Zheng-Fu Han,et al.  Packaged silica microsphere-taper coupling system for robust thermal sensing application. , 2011, Optics express.

[13]  Abraham J. Qavi,et al.  Isothermal discrimination of single-nucleotide polymorphisms via real-time kinetic desorption and label-free detection of DNA using silicon photonic microring resonator arrays. , 2011, Analytical chemistry.

[14]  Tal Carmon,et al.  Liquid whispering-gallery-mode resonator as a humidity sensor. , 2017, Optics express.

[15]  V. R. Dantham,et al.  Taking whispering gallery-mode single virus detection and sizing to the limit , 2012 .

[16]  Yun-Feng Xiao,et al.  Whispering‐gallery microcavities with unidirectional laser emission , 2016 .

[17]  Abraham J. Qavi,et al.  Anti-DNA:RNA antibodies and silicon photonic microring resonators: increased sensitivity for multiplexed microRNA detection. , 2011, Analytical chemistry.

[18]  Donghyun Kim,et al.  Detection of Single Nanoparticles Using the Dissipative Interaction in a High-Q Microcavity , 2016, 1604.02249.

[19]  Lan Yang,et al.  Statistics of multiple-scatterer-induced frequency splitting in whispering gallery microresonators and microlasers , 2013, 1305.3593.

[20]  Hongying Zhu,et al.  Opto-fluidic micro-ring resonator for sensitive label-free viral detection. , 2008, The Analyst.

[21]  Jonathan Y. Lee,et al.  High Q silicon carbide microdisk resonator , 2014 .

[22]  Lan Yang,et al.  Highly sensitive detection of nanoparticles with a self-referenced and self-heterodyned whispering-gallery Raman microlaser , 2014, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[23]  Xudong Fan,et al.  On the performance quantification of resonant refractive index sensors. , 2008, Optics express.

[24]  F. De Leonardis,et al.  Modeling and design of a novel high-sensitivity electric field silicon-on-insulator sensor based on a whispering-gallery-mode resonator , 2006, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.

[25]  Stephen Holler,et al.  Plasmonic enhancement of a whispering-gallery-mode biosensor for single nanoparticle detection , 2011 .

[26]  A. Ksendzov,et al.  Integrated optics ring-resonator sensors for protein detection. , 2005, Optics letters.

[27]  Ryan C Bailey,et al.  High-Q optical sensors for chemical and biological analysis. , 2012, Analytical chemistry.

[28]  Vladimir S. Ilchenko,et al.  Ultimate Q of optical microsphere resonators , 1996, Other Conferences.

[29]  Jan Wiersig,et al.  Enhancing the Sensitivity of Frequency and Energy Splitting Detection by Using Exceptional Points: Application to Microcavity Sensors for Single-Particle Detection , 2014 .

[30]  K. Crozier,et al.  Trapping-assisted sensing of particles and proteins using on-chip optical microcavities. , 2013, ACS nano.

[31]  Gaurav Bahl,et al.  Opto-mechano-fluidic viscometer , 2014, 1404.3337.

[32]  Lan Yang,et al.  Review Label-free detection with high-Q microcavities: a review of biosensing mechanisms for integrated devices , 2012 .

[33]  Peng Yin,et al.  Ultraspecific and highly sensitive nucleic acid detection by integrating a DNA catalytic network with a label-free microcavity. , 2014, Small.

[34]  Stephen Holler,et al.  Label-free detection of single protein using a nanoplasmonic-photonic hybrid microcavity. , 2013, Nano letters.

[35]  Q. Gong,et al.  Chaos-induced transparency in an ultrahigh-Q optical microcavity , 2012, 1209.4441.

[36]  Tao Ling,et al.  Fabrication and characterization of High Q polymer micro-ring resonator and its application as a sensitive ultrasonic detector , 2011, Optics express.

[37]  Zheng-Fu Han,et al.  Theory of free space coupling to high-Q whispering gallery modes. , 2012, Optics express.

[38]  Lan Yang,et al.  Self-pulsation in fiber-coupled, on-chip microcavity lasers. , 2010, Optics letters.

[39]  Q. Gong,et al.  Ultrahigh-Q asymmetric microcavity photonics on a silicon chip , 2015, 2015 11th Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Pacific Rim (CLEO-PR).

[40]  Joachim Knittel,et al.  Detection of nanoparticles with a frequency locked whispering gallery mode microresonator , 2013, 1303.1174.

[41]  Xudong Fan,et al.  Periodic plasmonic enhancing epitopes on a whispering gallery mode biosensor. , 2012, Optics express.

[42]  Yan Li,et al.  Direct laser writing of whispering gallery microcavities by two-photon polymerization , 2010 .

[43]  Frank Vollmer,et al.  Advances in optoplasmonic sensors – combining optical nano/microcavities and photonic crystals with plasmonic nanostructures and nanoparticles , 2017 .

[44]  Libo Yuan,et al.  Whispering gallery mode temperature sensor of liquid microresonastor. , 2016, Optics letters.

[45]  Yan Li,et al.  On chip, high-sensitivity thermal sensor based on high-Q polydimethylsiloxane-coated microresonator , 2010 .

[46]  Nan Zhang,et al.  Single Nanoparticle Detection Using Far-field Emission of Photonic Molecule around the Exceptional Point , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[47]  Y. Filatov,et al.  Passive ring resonator micro-optical gyroscopes , 2016 .

[48]  D. Braun,et al.  Multiplexed DNA quantification by spectroscopic shift of two microsphere cavities. , 2003, Biophysical journal.

[49]  L. C. Gunn,et al.  Label-free quantitation of a cancer biomarker in complex media using silicon photonic microring resonators. , 2009, Analytical chemistry.

[50]  Lei Shi,et al.  Whispering gallery modes in a single silica microparticle attached to an optical microfiber , 2016, 2016 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO).

[51]  Q. Gong,et al.  Ultrahigh-Q microcavities with highly directional emission , 2014, 2014 IEEE Photonics Conference.

[52]  Tobias Rossmann,et al.  Whispering-gallery mode silica microsensors for cryogenic to room temperature measurement , 2010 .

[53]  Dieter Braun,et al.  Protein detection by optical shift of a resonant microcavity , 2002 .

[54]  Soheil Soltani,et al.  Low-threshold parametric oscillation in organically modified microcavities , 2018, Science Advances.

[55]  Hongying Zhu,et al.  Refractometric Sensors for Lab-on-a-Chip Based on Optical Ring Resonators , 2007, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[56]  Chun-Hua Dong,et al.  Optomechanical dark mode , 2013 .

[57]  Limin Tong,et al.  Single whispering-gallery mode lasing in polymer bottle microresonators via spatial pump engineering , 2017, Light: Science & Applications.

[58]  Lan Yang,et al.  Compensation of thermal refraction effect in high-Q toroidal microresonator by polydimethylsiloxane coating , 2008 .

[59]  Yan Li,et al.  Tunneling‐induced transparency in a chaotic microcavity , 2013 .

[60]  Yan Li,et al.  Experimental controlling of Fano resonance in indirectly coupled whispering-gallery microresonators , 2012 .

[61]  Weigang Zhang,et al.  Ringing phenomenon in chaotic microcavity for high-speed ultra-sensitive sensing , 2016, Scientific Reports.

[62]  Anping Huang,et al.  Circle-coupled resonator waveguide with enhanced Sagnac phase-sensitivity for rotation sensing , 2009 .

[63]  R. Goldsmith,et al.  Chip‐Scale Fabrication of High‐Q All‐Glass Toroidal Microresonators for Single‐Particle Label‐Free Imaging , 2016, Advanced materials.

[64]  Yong-Zhen Huang,et al.  Directional emission InP/GaInAsP square-resonator microlasers. , 2008, Optics letters.

[65]  M. V. Ötügen,et al.  Magnetic field-induced excitation and optical detection of mechanical modes of microspheres , 2010 .

[66]  Kerry J. Vahala,et al.  Chemically etched ultrahigh-Q wedge-resonator on a silicon chip , 2012, Nature Photonics.

[67]  Xinliang Zhang,et al.  Magnetic field sensing using magnetic-fluid-filled optofluidic ring resonator , 2017 .

[68]  Zeger Hens,et al.  An integrated optic ethanol vapor sensor based on a silicon-on-insulator microring resonator coated with a porous ZnO film. , 2010, Optics express.

[69]  S. Ozdemir,et al.  Detecting single viruses and nanoparticles using whispering gallery microlasers. , 2011, Nature nanotechnology.

[70]  Michal Lipson,et al.  Athermal silicon microring resonators with titanium oxide cladding. , 2013, Optics express.

[71]  Yuze Sun,et al.  Optofluidic lasers with a single molecular layer of gain. , 2014, Lab on a chip.

[72]  Y. Mei,et al.  Roll up polymer/oxide/polymer nanomembranes as a hybrid optical microcavity for humidity sensing. , 2014, Nanoscale.

[73]  Jun Tang,et al.  Compensation of thermal nonlinear effect in hybrid microsphere resonators , 2014 .

[74]  Alper Kiraz,et al.  Integrated humidity sensor based on SU-8 polymer microdisk microresonator , 2017 .

[75]  H. Yilmaz,et al.  Loss-induced suppression and revival of lasing , 2014, Science.

[76]  John Gohring,et al.  Detection of HER2 breast cancer biomarker using the optofluidic ring resonator biosensor , 2010, Defense + Commercial Sensing.

[77]  T. Ioppolo,et al.  Magnetic field‐induced morphology‐dependent resonances of a coupled composite metglas slab with a polymeric optical resonator , 2014 .

[78]  Torrey Thiessen,et al.  Whispering gallery mode structure and refractometric sensitivity of fluorescent capillary-type sensors , 2014 .

[79]  Oliver Benson,et al.  Tuning whispering gallery modes using internal aerostatic pressure. , 2011, Optics letters.

[80]  M. V. Otugen,et al.  High-resolution electric field sensor based on whispering gallery modes of a beam-coupled dielectric resonator , 2012, 2012 International Conference on Engineering and Technology (ICET).

[81]  Xudong Fan,et al.  Highly sensitive fluorescent protein FRET detection using optofluidic lasers. , 2013, Lab on a chip.

[82]  Mohammad Hafezi,et al.  Ultra-sensitive chip-based photonic temperature sensor using ring resonator structures. , 2014, Optics express.

[83]  Francesco De Angelis,et al.  Hybrid plasmonic-photonic whispering gallery mode resonators for sensing: a critical review. , 2017, The Analyst.

[84]  Integrated microsphere whispering gallery mode probe for highly sensitive refractive index measurement , 2016 .

[85]  Lan Yang,et al.  Reflection detection of nanoparticles using whispering gallery microresonators , 2013, CLEO: 2013.

[86]  T. Kippenberg,et al.  Cavity Optomechanics , 2013, 1303.0733.

[87]  Fufei Pang,et al.  Sensitivity to alcohols of a planar waveguide ring resonator fabricated by a sol–gel method , 2007 .

[88]  Yun-Feng Xiao,et al.  Mode broadening induced by nanoparticles in an optical whispering-gallery microcavity , 2014 .

[89]  S. Yegnanarayanan,et al.  Ultra-high Q planar silicon microdisk resonators for chip-scale silicon photonics. , 2007, Optics express.

[90]  Q. Gong,et al.  Free-space coupling efficiency in a high-Q deformed optical microcavity. , 2016, Optics letters.

[91]  Q. Lin,et al.  Self-referenced temperature sensing with a lithium niobate microdisk resonator , 2017, 2017 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO).

[92]  Xudong Fan,et al.  Label Free Detection of CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells Using the Optofluidic Ring Resonator , 2010, Sensors.

[93]  M. V. Ötügen,et al.  A photonic wall pressure sensor for fluid mechanics applications. , 2012, The Review of scientific instruments.

[94]  J. Wiersig,et al.  Rotating optical microcavities with broken chiral symmetry. , 2014, Physical review letters.

[95]  Yan Li,et al.  Strongly enhanced light-matter interaction in a hybrid photonic-plasmonic resonator , 2012, 1206.2422.

[96]  Jing Liu,et al.  Optofluidic ring resonator sensors for rapid DNT vapor detection. , 2009, The Analyst.

[97]  Xiu-Min Lin,et al.  Ringing phenomenon based whispering-gallery-mode sensing , 2016, Scientific Reports.

[98]  Frank Vollmer,et al.  Ultrasensitive detection of a protein by optical trapping in a photonic-plasmonic microcavity. , 2012, Journal of biophotonics.

[99]  Hui Cao,et al.  Dielectric microcavities: Model systems for wave chaos and non-Hermitian physics , 2015 .

[100]  Q. Gong,et al.  Experimental observation of Fano resonance in a single whispering-gallery microresonator , 2011, CLEO: 2011 - Laser Science to Photonic Applications.

[101]  Hui Cao,et al.  Rotation-induced evolution of far-field emission patterns of deformed microdisk cavities , 2015 .

[102]  A. Meldrum,et al.  Tuning a microsphere whispering-gallery-mode sensor for extreme thermal stability , 2014 .

[103]  Lan Yang,et al.  Exceptional points enhance sensing in an optical microcavity , 2017, Nature.

[104]  Yun-Feng Xiao,et al.  Ultrahigh-Q, largely deformed microcavities coupled by a free-space laser beam , 2013 .

[105]  Lan Yang,et al.  Demonstration of mode splitting in an optical microcavity in aqueous environment , 2010 .

[106]  Florian Sedlmeir,et al.  High-Q MgF₂ whispering gallery mode resonators for refractometric sensing in aqueous environment. , 2014, Optics express.

[107]  Yan Li,et al.  Coupling of a single diamond nanocrystal to a whispering-gallery microcavity: Photon transport benefitting from Rayleigh scattering , 2011, 1106.1479.

[108]  H. Mahalingam,et al.  Sol-Gel-Based Integrated Optical Microring Resonator Humidity Sensor , 2009, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[109]  Vladimir S. Ilchenko,et al.  Optical gyroscope with whispering gallery mode optical cavities , 2004 .

[110]  Qiang Wu,et al.  Thermo-optic tuning of a packaged whispering gallery mode resonator filled with nematic liquid crystal. , 2018, Optics express.

[111]  Stephen Arnold,et al.  Optical microcavities: single virus detection and nanoparticle trapping , 2009, NanoScience + Engineering.

[112]  Fuxing Gu,et al.  Single-mode lasing via loss engineering in fiber-taper-coupled polymer bottle microresonators , 2017 .

[113]  Zheng-Fu Han,et al.  Fabrication of high-Q polydimethylsiloxane optical microspheres for thermal sensing , 2009 .

[114]  Abraham J. Qavi,et al.  Subpicogram per milliliter detection of interleukins using silicon photonic microring resonators and an enzymatic signal enhancement strategy. , 2013, Analytical chemistry.

[115]  Ryan C Bailey,et al.  Chaperone probes and bead-based enhancement to improve the direct detection of mRNA using silicon photonic sensor arrays. , 2012, Analytical chemistry.

[116]  J. Silverstone,et al.  Refractometric Sensing with Silicon Quantum Dots Coupled to a Microsphere , 2013, Plasmonics.

[117]  Lan Yang,et al.  High-Q silk fibroin whispering gallery microresonator. , 2016, Optics express.

[118]  Xiu Lin,et al.  Theory of cavity ring-up spectroscopy , 2017, 1710.02767.

[119]  Wei Shi,et al.  Silicon photonic micro-disk resonators for label-free biosensing. , 2013, Optics express.

[120]  Jonathan P. Reid,et al.  Cavity Enhanced Droplet Spectroscopy: Principles, Perspectives and Prospects , 2004 .

[121]  M. Foreman,et al.  Thermal characterisation of (bio)polymers with a temperature-stabilised whispering gallery mode microsensor , 2015 .

[122]  Y. Peter,et al.  Wavelength shift in a whispering gallery microdisk due to bacterial sensing: A theoretical approach , 2017 .

[123]  Jonathan M. Ward,et al.  Highly Sensitive Temperature Measurements With Liquid-Core Microbubble Resonators , 2013, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[124]  Yun-Feng Xiao,et al.  Dynamical tunneling-assisted coupling of high-Q deformed microcavities using a free-space beam , 2012, 1209.3395.

[125]  G. Bahl,et al.  High-throughput sensing of freely flowing particles with optomechanofluidics , 2016 .

[126]  Tobias Rossmann,et al.  Spectral shift response of optical whispering-gallery modes due to water vapor adsorption and desorption , 2010 .

[127]  Tomoyuki Yoshie,et al.  Optical Microcavity: Sensing down to Single Molecules and Atoms , 2011, Sensors.

[128]  Alexander Ksendzov,et al.  Integrated optics ring-resonator chemical sensor with polymer transduction layer , 2004 .

[129]  S. Arnold,et al.  Whispering-gallery-mode biosensing: label-free detection down to single molecules , 2008, Nature Methods.

[130]  Yun-Feng Xiao,et al.  Low-threshold Raman laser from an on-chip, high-Q, polymer-coated microcavity. , 2013, Optics letters.

[131]  G. Strasser,et al.  Reversing the pump dependence of a laser at an exceptional point , 2014, Nature Communications.

[132]  Xudong Fan,et al.  Liquid-core optical ring-resonator sensors. , 2006, Optics letters.

[133]  Adam L. Washburn,et al.  Sensitive on-chip detection of a protein biomarker in human serum and plasma over an extended dynamic range using silicon photonic microring resonators and sub-micron beads. , 2011, Lab on a chip.

[134]  Hongying Zhu,et al.  Label-free quantitative DNA detection using the liquid core optical ring resonator. , 2008, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[135]  Andrea M. Armani,et al.  Hybrid microcavity humidity sensor , 2013 .

[136]  Thompson,et al.  Observation of normal-mode splitting for an atom in an optical cavity. , 1992, Physical review letters.

[137]  Wei Wang,et al.  Detection of Single Nanoparticles and Lentiviruses Using Microcavity Resonance Broadening , 2013, Advanced materials.

[138]  Matthew R Foreman,et al.  Whispering gallery mode sensors. , 2015, Advances in optics and photonics.

[139]  H. Cao,et al.  Optical resonances in rotating dielectric microcavities of deformed shape , 2015 .

[140]  Yan Li,et al.  Multiple-Rayleigh-scatterer-induced mode splitting in a high-Q whispering-gallery-mode microresonator , 2011 .

[141]  Robert C. Dunn,et al.  Whispering gallery mode imaging for the multiplexed detection of biomarkers , 2011 .

[142]  Kerry J. Vahala,et al.  Ultralow threshold on-chip microcavity nanocrystal quantum dot lasers , 2006 .

[143]  T. Carmon,et al.  A Narrow-Linewidth On-Chip Toroid Raman Laser , 2011, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics.

[144]  Hailin Wang,et al.  Resolved-sideband and cryogenic cooling of an optomechanical resonator , 2009 .

[145]  Matthew Frenkel,et al.  Whispering-gallery mode composite sensors for on-chip dynamic temperature monitoring , 2013 .

[146]  Vladimir Aksyuk,et al.  Electromagnetically induced transparency and wideband wavelength conversion in silicon nitride microdisk optomechanical resonators. , 2013, Physical review letters.

[147]  Ulas Ayaz,et al.  Tuning of whispering gallery modes of spherical resonators using an external electric field. , 2009, Optics express.

[148]  Limin Tong,et al.  Single Nanoparticle Detection and Sizing Using a Nanofiber Pair in an Aqueous Environment , 2014, Advanced materials.

[149]  Lan Yang,et al.  Whispering gallery microcavity lasers , 2013 .

[150]  Peter Horak,et al.  Optical microfiber coil resonator refractometric sensor. , 2007, Optics express.

[151]  Lan Yang,et al.  A scatterer-assisted whispering-gallery-mode microprobe , 2018, Nanophotonics.

[152]  Sumei Wang,et al.  Thermostable refractive index sensors based on whispering gallery modes in a microsphere coated with poly(methyl methacrylate). , 2011, Applied optics.

[153]  Zhiwen Liu,et al.  Surface enhanced Raman scattering in whispering gallery mode microresonators , 2017, BiOS.

[154]  Lan Yang,et al.  Polymer encapsulated microcavity optomechanical magnetometer , 2017, Scientific Reports.

[155]  Shuo Pang,et al.  Quantum dot-embedded microspheres for remote refractive index sensing. , 2008, Applied physics letters.

[156]  Stephen Kozacik,et al.  Demonstration of high-Q mid-infrared chalcogenide glass-on-silicon resonators. , 2013, Optics letters.

[157]  Yun-Feng Xiao,et al.  Experimental Test of Fractal Weyl Law in a High-Q Asymmetric Optical Microcavity , 2015 .

[158]  L.J. Guo,et al.  Polymer microring resonators for biochemical sensing applications , 2006, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.

[159]  Hongying Zhu,et al.  Thermal characterization of liquid core optical ring resonator sensors. , 2007, Applied optics.

[160]  S. Arnold,et al.  Shift of whispering-gallery modes in microspheres by protein adsorption. , 2003, Optics letters.

[161]  Yan Li,et al.  High-Q asymmetric polymer microcavities directly fabricated by two-photon polymerization , 2013 .

[162]  Steven H. Huang,et al.  Titanium Dioxide Whispering Gallery Microcavities , 2014 .

[163]  Brian M Stoltz,et al.  Label-free detection of single nanoparticles and biological molecules using microtoroid optical resonators , 2016, Light: Science & Applications.

[164]  Yuze Sun,et al.  Sensitive optical biosensors for unlabeled targets: a review. , 2008, Analytica chimica acta.

[165]  Wei C. Jiang,et al.  Cavity optomechanical spring sensing of single molecules , 2015, Nature Communications.

[166]  Hongying Zhu,et al.  On-column micro gas chromatography detection with capillary-based optical ring resonators. , 2008, Analytical chemistry.

[167]  Jonathan M. Ward,et al.  Linear Laser Tuning Using a Pressure-Sensitive Microbubble Resonator , 2015, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[168]  Thomas W. Kenny,et al.  High resolution microresonator-based digital temperature sensor , 2007 .

[169]  S. Bhave,et al.  Rayleigh scattering boosted multi-GHz displacement sensitivity in whispering gallery opto-mechanical resonators. , 2013, Optics express.

[170]  Melinda S. McClellan,et al.  Label-free virus detection using silicon photonic microring resonators. , 2012, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[171]  Q. Gong,et al.  Mode-splitting-based optical label-free biosensing with a biorecognition-covered microcavity , 2012 .

[172]  Shizhuo Yin,et al.  High-temperature sensing using whispering gallery mode resonance in bent optical fibers , 2005 .

[173]  X. Zou,et al.  Experimental realization of optomechanically induced non-reciprocity , 2016, Nature Photonics.

[174]  Ian M. White,et al.  Refractometric sensors based on microsphere resonators , 2005 .

[175]  Xudong Fan,et al.  Characterization of sensing capability of optofluidic ring resonator biosensors , 2010 .

[176]  Eli Zeldov,et al.  A scanning superconducting quantum interference device with single electron spin sensitivity. , 2013, Nature nanotechnology.

[177]  Lan Yang,et al.  Scatterer induced mode splitting in poly(dimethylsiloxane) coated microresonators , 2010 .

[178]  Heather K. Hunt,et al.  The Detection of Helicobacter hepaticus Using Whispering-Gallery Mode Microcavity Optical Sensors , 2015, Biosensors.

[179]  Halina Rubinsztein-Dunlop,et al.  Ultrasensitive Optomechanical Magnetometry , 2014, Advanced materials.

[180]  Q. Quan,et al.  Photonic-plasmonic hybrid single-molecule nanosensor measures the effect of fluorescent labels on DNA-protein dynamics , 2017, Science Advances.

[181]  Yan Wang,et al.  Tapered optical fiber waveguide coupling to whispering gallery modes of liquid crystal microdroplet for thermal sensing application. , 2017, Optics express.

[182]  Cai,et al.  Observation of critical coupling in a fiber taper to a silica-microsphere whispering-gallery mode system , 2000, Physical review letters.

[183]  Kyoungsik Yu,et al.  Partially directional microdisk laser with two Rayleigh scatterers. , 2014, Optics letters.

[184]  Yong-Zhen Huang,et al.  Investigation of mode coupling in a microdisk resonator for realizing directional emission. , 2009, Optics express.

[185]  Erik H. Horak,et al.  Optical microresonators as single-particle absorption spectrometers , 2016, Nature Photonics.

[186]  Lan Yang,et al.  Whispering gallery mode resonator sensor for in situ measurements of hydrogel gelation. , 2018, Optics express.

[187]  T. J. Kippenberg,et al.  Ultra-high-Q toroid microcavity on a chip , 2003, Nature.

[188]  K. Vahala,et al.  High sensitivity nanoparticle detection using optical microcavities , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[189]  Andreas Ostendorf,et al.  Temperature sensing by using whispering gallery modes with hollow core fibers , 2010 .

[190]  Yun-Feng Xiao,et al.  Free-space coupled, ultralow-threshold Raman lasing from a silica microcavity , 2013 .

[191]  Vladimir S. Ilchenko,et al.  Whispering-gallery-mode resonators as frequency references. II. Stabilization , 2007 .

[192]  Lan Yang,et al.  On-chip single nanoparticle detection and sizing by mode splitting in an ultrahigh- Q microresonator , 2010 .

[193]  Heather K Hunt,et al.  Label-free biological and chemical sensors. , 2010, Nanoscale.

[194]  Hongying Zhu,et al.  Integrated refractive index optical ring resonator detector for capillary electrophoresis. , 2007, Analytical chemistry.

[195]  L. Huang,et al.  Whispering- Gallery Mode Silica Micro-Sensors for Temperature and Gas-Phase Concentration Measurements , 2010 .

[196]  Xiu Lin,et al.  Author Correction: Ringing phenomenon based measurement of weak mode-coupling strength in an optical microresonator , 2018, Scientific Reports.

[197]  Kerry J. Vahala,et al.  Erbium-implanted high-Q silica toroidal microcavity laser on a silicon chip , 2004 .

[198]  J Knittel,et al.  Cavity optomechanical magnetometer. , 2012, Physical review letters.

[199]  Florian Warken,et al.  Ultra-high-Q tunable whispering-gallery-mode microresonator , 2009 .

[200]  N. Imoto,et al.  Observation of optomechanical coupling in a microbottle resonator , 2016, 1608.00286.

[201]  Young L. Kim,et al.  Random laser spectroscopy for nanoscale perturbation sensing. , 2010, Optics letters.

[202]  Frank Vollmer,et al.  Towards next-generation label-free biosensors: recent advances in whispering gallery mode sensors. , 2017, Lab on a chip.

[203]  Xudong Fan,et al.  The potential of optofluidic biolasers , 2014, Nature Methods.

[204]  Lan Yang,et al.  Tunable erbium-doped microbubble laser fabricated by sol-gel coating. , 2016, Optics express.

[205]  Lan Yang,et al.  Surface-enhanced Raman scattering on dielectric microspheres with whispering gallery mode resonance , 2018 .

[206]  Yan Li,et al.  Cavity-QED treatment of scattering-induced free-space excitation and collection in high-Q whispering-gallery microcavities , 2012, 1206.2426.

[207]  Oliver G. Schmidt,et al.  Exploring Rolled-up Au–Ag Bimetallic Microtubes for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Sensor , 2012 .

[208]  Egor V. Shalymov,et al.  Application of optical whispering gallery mode resonators for rotation sensing , 2016, Photonics Europe.

[209]  Zhixiong Guo,et al.  Whispering-gallery mode silica microsensors for cryogenic to room temperature measurement , 2010 .

[210]  Rotation-induced mode coupling in open wavelength-scale microcavities , 2014, 1405.0468.

[211]  Lan Yang,et al.  Dynamic Fano-like resonances in erbium-doped whispering-gallery-mode microresonators , 2014 .

[212]  Anshi Xu,et al.  Optical gyroscope based on a coupled resonator with the all-optical analogous property of electromagnetically induced transparency. , 2007, Optics express.

[213]  M. Christensen,et al.  Photonic electric field sensor based on polymeric microspheres , 2014 .

[214]  Lan Yang,et al.  Four-wave mixing parametric oscillation and frequency comb generation at visible wavelengths in a silica microbubble resonator. , 2016, Optics letters.

[215]  Lan Yang,et al.  Ultrasensitive detection of mode splitting in active optical microcavities , 2010, 1007.0385.

[216]  Varun Prakash,et al.  Quantum-Enhanced Optomechanical Magnetometry , 2018, 2018 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO).

[217]  H. Cao,et al.  Wavelength-scale microdisks as optical gyroscopes: a finite-difference time-domain simulation study , 2012 .

[218]  F. Vollmer,et al.  In Situ Observation of Single‐Molecule Surface Reactions from Low to High Affinities , 2016, Advanced materials.

[219]  Lan Yang,et al.  Coupled optical microcavities: an enhanced refractometric sensing configuration. , 2008, Optics express.

[220]  P. Borri,et al.  Effects of uniaxial pressure on polar whispering gallery modes in microspheres , 2013 .

[221]  Robert J. Thompson,et al.  Frequency stability of a dual-mode whispering gallery mode optical reference cavity. , 2012, Optics express.

[222]  Anatoliy A. Savchenkov,et al.  Optical resonant sensors: a method to reduce the effect of thermal drift. , 2009, Applied optics.

[223]  Yves-Alain Peter,et al.  Real-Time Detection of Staphylococcus Aureus Using Whispering Gallery Mode Optical Microdisks , 2016, Biosensors.

[224]  Lei Zhou,et al.  Tubular optical microcavities of indefinite medium for sensitive liquid refractometers. , 2016, Lab on a chip.

[225]  Yun-Feng Xiao,et al.  Chaos-assisted broadband momentum transformation in optical microresonators , 2017, Science.

[226]  Serge Rosenblum,et al.  Cavity ring-up spectroscopy for ultrafast sensing with optical microresonators , 2015, Nature Communications.

[227]  Joachim Knittel,et al.  Detection limits in whispering gallery biosensors with plasmonic enhancement , 2011 .

[228]  Melinda S. McClellan,et al.  Magnetically-actuated, bead-enhanced silicon photonic immunosensor. , 2015, Analytical methods : advancing methods and applications.

[229]  Jonathan M. Ward,et al.  WGM microresonators: sensing, lasing and fundamental optics with microspheres , 2011 .

[230]  Andrea M. Armani,et al.  Ultra-high-Q microcavity operation in H2O and D2O , 2005 .

[231]  M. Sumetsky,et al.  Whispering-gallery-bottle microcavities: the three-dimensional etalon. , 2004, Optics letters.

[232]  Kenneth T. V. Grattan,et al.  Fiber optic sensor technology: an overview , 2000 .

[233]  T. Ioppolo,et al.  Effect of acceleration on the morphology-dependent optical resonances of spherical resonators , 2011 .

[234]  S. Xiao,et al.  Far-field single nanoparticle detection and sizing , 2017 .

[235]  Antonio Díez,et al.  Refractometric sensor based on whispering-gallery modes of thin capillarie. , 2007, Optics express.