The Development of Invented Spelling.

Ninety-three children were tested on a variety of reading-related skills, including Tangel and Blachman's (1992) invented spelling measure, four times over 1.5 years. Results revealed that this measure of invented spelling was 1) stable, 2) highly associated with traditional phonological awareness tasks, and 3) substantially predictive of standardized spelling and word and nonword decoding tests over time. A measure of orthographic processing, as well as phonological processing, was significantly associated with time 4 invented spelling, suggesting that both orthographic and phonological processes are involved in invented spelling. These results indicate that this measure of invented spelling may be an optimal diagnostic tool for researchers and educators interested in predicting subsequent reading ability/disability in early development. Invented spelling administered in early kindergarten may be an even better predictor of subsequent decoding skills than are traditional phonological awareness tasks, for...

[1]  M. Invernizzi,et al.  Using Students' Invented Spellings as a Guide for Spelling Instruction That Emphasizes Word Study , 1994, The Elementary School Journal.

[2]  Joseph K. Torgesen,et al.  Development of young readers' phonological processing abilities , 1993 .

[3]  U. Goswami,et al.  Phonological Skills and Learning to Read , 1993, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[4]  E. Gibson,et al.  The Psychology of Reading , 1977 .

[5]  Lynette Bradley,et al.  Rhyme and reason in reading and spelling , 1985 .

[6]  P. Bryant,et al.  Categorizing sounds and learning to read—a causal connection , 1983, Nature.

[7]  D. Richgels.  An Investigation of Preschool and Kindergarten Children's Spelling and Reading Abilities. , 1986 .

[8]  Joseph K. Torgesen,et al.  Development of Reading-Related Phonological Processing Abilities: New Evidence of Bidirectional Causality from a Latent Variable Longitudinal Study. , 1994 .

[9]  Linnea C. Ehri,et al.  The influence of orthography on readers' conceptualization of the phonemic structure of words , 1980, Applied Psycholinguistics.

[10]  Ingvar Lundberg,et al.  Reading and spelling skills in the first school years predicted from phonemic awareness skills in kindergarten , 1980 .

[11]  Janet E. Spector.  Predicting Progress in Beginning Reading: Dynamic Assessment of Phonemic Awareness , 1992 .

[12]  Virginia A. Mann,et al.  Measuring Phonological Awareness Through the Invented Spellings of Kindergarten Children. , 1987 .

[13]  U. Frith.  Cognitive Processes in Spelling , 1980 .

[14]  Linnea C. Ehri,et al.  Does learning to spell help beginners learn to read words , 1987 .

[15]  P. Bryant,et al.  Nursery rhymes, phonological skills and reading , 1989, Journal of Child Language.

[16]  E. W. Ball,et al.  Does Phoneme Awareness Training in Kindergarten Make a Difference in Early Word Recognition and Developmental Spelling , 1991 .

[17]  Lynette Bradley,et al.  Making connections in learning to read and to spell , 1988 .

[18]  V. Berninger.  Global, component, and serial processing of printed words in beginning reading , 1987 .

[19]  Changing Relations between Phonological Processing Abilities and Word-Level Reading as Children Develop from Beginning to Skilled Readers: A 5-Year Longitudinal Study. , 1997 .

[20]  Cheryl M. Yates,et al.  Multiple orthographic codes in reading and writing acquisition , 1991 .

[21]  Marilyn Jager Adams,et al.  Beginning To Read: Thinking and Learning about Print. , 1991 .

[22]  Nation,et al.  The Automatic Activation of Sound-Letter Knowledge: An Alternative Interpretation of Analogy and Priming Effects in Early Spelling Development , 1996, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[23]  L. Ehri,et al.  The Development of Spelling Knowledge and Its Role in Reading Acquisition and Reading Disability , 1989, Journal of learning disabilities.

[24]  Benita A. Blachman,et al.  Effect of Phoneme Awareness Instruction on Kindergarten Children's Invented Spelling , 1992 .

[25]  Richard K. Wagner,et al.  Development of young children's phonological and orthographic knowledge as revealed by their spellings. , 1992 .

[26]  Carol Chomsky,et al.  Write First, Read Later , 1971 .