Effects of premixed flames on turbulence and turbulent scalar transport

Experimental data and results of direct numerical simulations are reviewed in order to show that premixed combustion can change the basic characteristics of a fluctuating velocity field (the so-called flame-generated turbulence) and the direction of scalar fluxes (the so-called countergradient or pressure-driven transport) in a turbulent flow. Various approaches to modeling these phenomena are discussed and the lack of a well-elaborated and widely validated predictive approach is emphasized. Relevant basic issues (the transition from gradient to countergradient scalar transport, the role played by flame-generated turbulence in the combustion rate, the characterization of turbulence in premixed flames, etc.) are critically considered and certain widely accepted concepts are disputed. Despite the Substantial progress made in understanding the discussed effects over the past decades, these basic issues strongly need further research.

[1]  L. Talbot,et al.  Two-point Rayleigh scattering measurements in a v-shaped turbulent flame. Interim report , 1982 .

[2]  W. Jones,et al.  The prediction of laminarization with a two-equation model of turbulence , 1972 .

[3]  Vladimir L. Zimont,et al.  Gradient, counter-gradient transport and their transition in turbulent premixed flames , 2002 .

[4]  J. Chomiak.  Flame-turbulence interaction , 1973 .

[5]  R. Cheng,et al.  Conditional Sampling of Turbulence Intensities and Reynolds Stress in Premixed Turbulent Flames , 1984 .

[6]  Flame surface density and burning rate in premixed turbulent flames , 1996 .

[7]  K.N.C. Bray,et al.  Study of premixed turbulent combustion including landau-darrieus instability effects , 1996 .

[8]  K. Dandekar,et al.  Time-Resolved Density Measurements in Premixed Turbulent Flames , 1982 .

[9]  T. Hasegawa,et al.  Small Scale Features of Velocity and Scalar Fields in Turbulent Premixed Flames , 2009 .

[10]  Paul Clavin,et al.  Dynamics of combustion fronts in premixed gases: From flames to detonations , 2000 .

[11]  L. Eriksson,et al.  Flame propagation along the vortex axis , 2006 .

[12]  D. Bradley,et al.  The development and structure of flame instabilities and cellularity at low Markstein numbers in explosions , 2000 .

[13]  W. Ashurst.  Modeling turbulent flame propagation , 1994 .

[14]  Prakash Vedula,et al.  Dynamics of scalar dissipation in isotropic turbulence: a numerical and modelling study , 2001, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[15]  R. Cheng,et al.  Spectral behavior of velocity fluctuations in premixed turbulent flames , 1988 .

[16]  T. Poinsot.  Using direct numerical simulations to understand premixed turbulent combustion , 1996 .

[17]  Paul A. Libby,et al.  On the prediction of intermittent turbulent flows , 1975, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[18]  J. Driscoll,et al.  Velocity-Density Correlations and Favre Averages Measured in a Premixed Turbulent Flame , 1986 .

[19]  J. Chomiak,et al.  Comment on "Turbulent burning velocity, burned gas distribution, and associated flame , 2004 .

[20]  N. Chakraborty,et al.  Effects of Lewis number on turbulent scalar transport and its modelling in turbulent premixed flames , 2009 .

[21]  Jerzy Chomiak,et al.  Developing Premixed Turbulent Flames: Part II. Pressure-Driven Transport and Turbulent Diffusion , 2001 .

[22]  A. Sedaghat,et al.  Generation of PDFS for flame curvature and for flame stretch rate in premixed turbulent combustion , 2003 .

[23]  X. Bai,et al.  Large eddy simulation and experiments of stratified lean premixed methane/air turbulent flames , 2007 .

[24]  H. C. Hottel,et al.  Flame stabilization and propagation in high velocity gas streams , 1948 .

[25]  N. Swaminathan,et al.  Effects of mean flow divergence on turbulent scalar flux and local flame structure in premixed turbulent combustion , 2002 .

[26]  Nilanjan Chakraborty,et al.  Influence of the Damköhler number on turbulence-scalar interaction in premixed flames. I. Physical insight , 2007 .

[27]  P. Chou.  On velocity correlations and the solutions of the equations of turbulent fluctuation , 1945 .

[28]  Chung King Law,et al.  Dynamics of stretched flames , 1984 .

[29]  P. Clavin,et al.  PREMIXED COMBUSTION AND GASDYNAMICS , 1994 .

[30]  B. Launder,et al.  Mathematical Models of turbulence , 1972 .

[31]  C. F. Curtiss,et al.  Molecular Theory Of Gases And Liquids , 1954 .

[32]  Bernard J. Matkowsky,et al.  Flames as gasdynamic discontinuities , 1982, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[33]  J. Furukawa,et al.  Investigation of Flame Generated Turbulence in a Large-Scale and Low-Intensity Turbulent Premixed Flame with a 3-Element Electrostatic Probe and a 2-D LDV , 2000 .

[34]  C. Duwig.  Study of a Filtered Flamelet Formulation for Large Eddy Simulation of Premixed Turbulent Flames , 2007 .

[35]  Forman A. Williams,et al.  Burning velocity of turbulent premixed flames in a high-pressure environment , 1996 .

[36]  V. Giovangigli.  Multicomponent flow modeling , 1999 .

[37]  P. Libby,et al.  Premixed flames in stagnating turbulence part IV : A new theory for the Reynolds stresses and Reynolds fluxes applied to impinging flows , 2000 .

[38]  Ömer L. Gülder,et al.  Flame front surface characteristics in turbulent premixed propane/air combustion , 2000 .

[39]  S. Menon,et al.  Subgrid Modeling of Turbulent Premixed Flames in the Flamelet Regime , 2000, Proceeding of First Symposium on Turbulence and Shear Flow Phenomena.

[40]  S. Pope,et al.  Straining and scalar dissipation on material surfaces in turbulence: Implications for flamelets , 1990 .

[41]  P. Clavin,et al.  Weakly Turbulent, Wrinkled Flames in Premixed Gases , 1986 .

[42]  Johannes Janicka,et al.  Investigation of a strongly swirled unconfined premixed flame using LES , 2007 .

[43]  Robert W. Bilger.  Turbulent jet diffusion flames , 1976 .

[44]  D. Ballal.  An experimental study of flame turbulence , 1978 .

[45]  Katepalli R. Sreenivasan.  Possible Effects of Small-Scale Intermittency in Turbulent Reacting Flows , 2004 .

[46]  Fokion N. Egolfopoulos,et al.  Direct experimental determination of laminar flame speeds , 1998 .

[47]  R. Himeno,et al.  Modeling of flame-generated turbulence based on direct numerical simulation databases , 2002 .

[48]  C. J. Lawn,et al.  Scaling of premixed turbulent flames in the corrugated regime , 2006 .

[49]  J. Chomiak,et al.  Turbulent burning velocity and speed of developing, curved, and strained flames , 2002 .

[50]  D. Veynante,et al.  Direct numerical simulation analysis of flame surface density concept for large eddy simulation of turbulent premixed combustion , 1998 .

[51]  I. Shepherd,et al.  Turbulent transport in a confined premixed flame , 1982 .

[52]  Geoffrey Ingram Taylor,et al.  Diffusion by Continuous Movements , 1922 .

[53]  L. Eriksson,et al.  Numerical study of turbulent flame velocity , 2007 .

[54]  J. B. Moss,et al.  Simultaneous Measurements of Concentration and Velocity in an Open Premixed Turbulent Flame , 1980 .

[55]  A. S. Monin,et al.  Statistical Fluid Mechanics: The Mechanics of Turbulence , 1998 .

[56]  J. M. Singer,et al.  Turbulent burning velocities of natural gas-air flames with pipe-flow turbulence , 1957 .

[57]  Paul A. Libby,et al.  Interaction effects in turbulent premixed flames , 1976 .

[58]  R. Borghi,et al.  Assessment of a theoretical model of turbulent combustion by comparison with a simple experiment , 1984 .

[59]  Stephen B. Pope,et al.  Modelling of flamelet surface-to-volume ratio in turbulent premixed combustion , 1991 .

[60]  R. Cheng,et al.  The spatial scalar structure of premixed turbulent stagnation point flames , 1991 .

[61]  J. Driscoll.  Turbulent premixed combustion: Flamelet structure and its effect on turbulent burning velocities , 2008 .

[62]  Robert W. Bilger,et al.  Simultaneous 2-D Imaging Measurements of Reaction Progress Variable and OH Radical Concentration in Turbulent Premixed Flames: Instantaneous Flame-Front Structure , 2001 .

[63]  Habib N. Najm,et al.  Premixed flame response to unsteady strain-rate and curvature , 1996 .

[64]  J. Ferziger,et al.  Evaluation of subgrid-scale models using an accurately simulated turbulent flow , 1979, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[65]  C. Chan,et al.  Freely propagating open premixed turbulent flames stabilized by swirl , 1992 .

[66]  R. Lindstedt,et al.  Modeling of premixed turbulent flames with second moment methods , 1999 .

[67]  Thierry Poinsot,et al.  Direct numerical simulation of H2/O2/N2 flames with complex chemistry in two-dimensional turbulent flows , 1994, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[68]  Rs Cant,et al.  Some applications of Kolmogorov’s turbulence research in the field of combustion , 1991, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[69]  Nilanjan Chakraborty,et al.  A priori assessment of closures for scalar dissipation rate transport in turbulent premixed flames using direct numerical simulation , 2008 .

[70]  Forman A. Williams,et al.  The Mathematics of Combustion , 1985, Frontiers in applied mathematics.

[71]  H. Pitsch,et al.  Large-eddy simulation of premixed turbulent combustion using a level-set approach , 2002 .

[72]  Friedrich Dinkelacker,et al.  Measurement of the instantaneous detailed flame structure in turbulent premixed combustion , 1996 .

[73]  K.N.C. Bray,et al.  The challenge of turbulent combustion , 1996 .

[74]  L. Talbot,et al.  Density fluctuations of flames in grid-induced turbulence , 1982 .

[75]  A. Leipertz,et al.  Measurement of the conditioned turbulence and temperature field of a premixed Bunsen burner by planar laser Rayleigh scattering and stereo particle image velocimetry , 2005 .

[76]  Bendiks Jan Boersma,et al.  Direct numerical simulation of homogeneous turbulence in combination with premixed combustion at low Mach number modelled by the $G$-equation , 2006, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[77]  C. Sung,et al.  Structure, aerodynamics, and geometry of premixed flamelets , 2000 .

[78]  L. Talbot,et al.  Flame induced vorticity: Effects of stretch , 1988 .

[79]  B. Mandelbrot.  On the geometry of homogeneous turbulence, with stress on the fractal dimension of the iso-surfaces of scalars , 1975, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[80]  H. Tsuji,et al.  Mechanism of flame wrinkling in turbulent premixed flames , 1985 .

[81]  Sébastien Candel,et al.  Progress in numerical combustion , 1999 .

[82]  P. Kalt,et al.  Laser imaging of conditional velocities in premixed propane-air flames by simulataneous OH PLIF and PIV , 1998 .

[83]  P. Pelcé.  Effect of gravity on the propagation of flames in tubes , 1985 .

[84]  F. Williams.  An approach to turbulent flame theory , 1970, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[85]  Mohy S. Mansour,et al.  Investigation of flame broadening in turbulent premixed flames in the thin-reaction-zones regime , 1998 .

[86]  Moshe Matalon,et al.  Hydrodynamic and diffusion effects on the stability of spherically expanding flames , 1987 .

[87]  Characteristic time-scale distributions and mean and most probable length scales of flamelets in turbulent premixed flames , 1988 .

[88]  Mamoru Tanahashi,et al.  Coherent fine-scale eddies in turbulent premixed flames , 2000 .

[89]  G. Damköhler,et al.  Der Einfluss der Turbulenz auf die Flammengeschwindigkeit in Gasgemischen , 1940 .

[90]  Interaction of flow pulsations and chemical reaction in turbulent flames , 1977 .

[91]  T. Sattelmayer,et al.  Two-dimensional direct measurement of the turbulent flux in turbulent premixed swirl flames , 2007 .

[92]  H. Tsuji,et al.  Measurements of fluctuating temperature and velocity in a turbulent premixed flame , 1979 .

[93]  Pierre Paranthoen,et al.  A tomographic study of measurements in a V-shaped H2air flame and a lagrangian interpretation of the turbulent flame brush evolution , 1990 .

[94]  D. Bradley,et al.  Flame acceleration due to flame-induced instabilities in large-scale explosions , 2001 .

[95]  D. Ballal.  Further development of the three-region model of a premixed turbulent flame II. Instability dominated region 1 , 1979, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[96]  Pocheau.  Scale invariance in turbulent front propagation. , 1994, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics.

[97]  Yong-Hoon Im,et al.  Zone conditional analysis of a freely propagating one-dimensional turbulent premixed flame , 2005 .

[98]  W. C. Reynolds,et al.  Modeling of Fluid Motions in Engines—An Introductory Overview , 1980 .

[99]  A. A. Westenberg,et al.  Further measurements of turbulence intensity in flame zones , 1959 .

[100]  P. Libby.  Theory of normal premixed turbulent flames revisited , 1985 .

[101]  Nilanjan Chakraborty,et al.  Unsteady effects of strain rate and curvature on turbulent premixed flames in an inflow-outflow configuration , 2004 .

[102]  Robert W. Dibble,et al.  Combustion: Physical and Chemical Fundamentals, Modelling and Simulation, Experiments, Pollutant Formation , 1996 .

[103]  Nilanjan Chakraborty,et al.  Influence of the Damköhler number on turbulence-scalar interaction in premixed flames. II. Model development , 2007 .

[104]  T. Hasegawa,et al.  A New Analysis of the Modeling of Pressure Fluctuations Effects in Premixed Turbulent Flames and its Validation Based on DNS Data , 2008 .

[105]  R. Borghi,et al.  Further studies by CARS of premixed turbulent combustion in a high velocity flow , 1988 .

[106]  P. Libby,et al.  Premixed flames in stagnating turbulence part II. The mean velocities and pressure and the Damköhler number , 1998 .

[108]  Rs Cant,et al.  A theoretical model of premixed turbulent combustion in closed vessels , 1989 .

[109]  Ray W. Grout,et al.  Conditional Source-Term Estimation as a Method for Chemical Closure in Premixed Turbulent Reacting Flow , 2008 .

[110]  D. Bradley,et al.  Measurement of unstable burning velocities of iso-octane–air mixtures at high pressure and the derivation of laminar burning velocities , 2005 .

[111]  Ö. Gülder,et al.  FLAME SURFACE DENSITIES IN PREMIXED COMBUSTION AT MEDIUM TO HIGH TURBULENCE INTENSITIES , 2007 .

[112]  A. D. Gosman,et al.  Development of Prediction Methods for In-Cylinder Processes in Reciprocating Engines , 1980 .

[113]  A. Townsend,et al.  The nature of turbulent motion at large wave-numbers , 1949, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[114]  D. Ballal.  Further development of the three-region model of a premixed turbulent flame I. Turbulent diffusion dominated region 2 , 1979, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[115]  Vladimir L. Zimont,et al.  Modelling turbulent premixed combustion in the intermediate steady propagation regime , 2001 .

[116]  Denis Veynante,et al.  Turbulent combustion modeling , 2002, VKI Lecture Series.

[117]  R. Cheng.  Velocity and scalar characteristics of premixed turbulent flames stabilized by weak swirl , 1995 .

[118]  Yung-cheng Chen,et al.  Experimental investigation of three-dimensional flame-front structure in premixed turbulent combustion , 2004 .

[119]  S. Corrsin,et al.  Free-Stream Boundaries of Turbulent Flows , 1955 .

[120]  Yoshikazu Ito,et al.  Local flame structure in the well-stirred reactor regime , 2002 .

[121]  Chung King Law,et al.  On Stability of Premixed Flames In Stagnation - Point Flow , 1982 .

[122]  Philip H. Gaskell,et al.  Premixed flamelet modelling: Factors influencing the turbulent heat release rate source term and the turbulent burning velocity , 2005 .

[123]  Clemens F. Kaminski,et al.  Effect of heat release on turbulence and scalar-turbulence interaction in premixed combustion , 2008 .

[124]  Derek Bradley,et al.  Instabilities and flame speeds in large-scale premixed gaseous explosions , 1999, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[125]  A. Kerstein,et al.  Alignment of vorticity and scalar gradient with strain rate in simulated Navier-Stokes turbulence , 1987 .

[126]  J. Lumley,et al.  Modeling of wrinkled laminar flames with intermittency and conditional statistics , 1988 .

[127]  F. Ducros,et al.  A thickened flame model for large eddy simulations of turbulent premixed combustion , 2000 .

[128]  D. Burgess,et al.  Turbulent flame propagation by large-scale wrinkling of a laminar flame front , 1958 .

[129]  Wolfgang Kollmann,et al.  Prediction Methods for Turbulent Flows , 1980 .

[130]  W. Ashurst,et al.  Flame Generation of Vorticity: Vortex Dipoles from Monopoles , 1989 .

[131]  A. C. Scurlock,et al.  Propagation of turbulent flames , 1953 .

[132]  B. Launder,et al.  Progress in the development of a Reynolds-stress turbulence closure , 1975, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[133]  J. B. Moss,et al.  Effects of finite reaction rate and molecular transport in premixed turbulent combustion , 1979 .

[134]  L. Landau,et al.  On the Theory of Slow Combustion , 1988 .

[135]  C. Ghenai,et al.  Spatial and temporal dynamics of flamelets in turbulent premixed flames , 1996 .

[136]  L. D. Goey,et al.  A flamelet analysis of the burning velocity of premixed turbulent expanding flames , 2005 .

[137]  P. Miles,et al.  Chemical closure and burning rates in premixed turbulent flames , 1995 .

[138]  Nedunchezhian Swaminathan,et al.  Scalar dissipation, diffusion and dilatation in turbulent H2-air premixed flames with complex chemistry , 2001 .

[139]  Taewoo Lee,et al.  Direct comparison of turbulent burning velocity and flame surface properties in turbulent premixed flames , 2003 .

[140]  Tianfeng Lu,et al.  Structure of a spatially developing turbulent lean methane–air Bunsen flame , 2007 .

[141]  P. Libby.  RECENT RESEARCH ON PREMIXED FLAMES IN STAGNATING TURBULENCE , 2005 .

[142]  Pascal Bruel,et al.  Two-dimensional numerical modeling of a turbulent premixed flame stabilized in a stagnation flow , 1999 .

[143]  N. Chakraborty,et al.  Physical Insight and Modelling for Lewis Number Effects on Turbulent Heat and Mass Transport in Turbulent Premixed Flames , 2009 .

[144]  M. Heitor,et al.  The interaction of turbulence and pressure gradients in a baffle-stabilized premixed flame , 1987, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[145]  D. Escudié,et al.  Influence of strain rate on a premixed turbulent flame stabilized in a stagnating flow , 1999 .

[146]  Friedrich Dinkelacker,et al.  Structure of locally quenched highly turbulent lean premixed Flames , 1998 .

[147]  A. Lipatnikov,et al.  Transient and Geometrical Effects in Expanding Turbulent Flames , 2000 .

[148]  Robert W. Bilger,et al.  Scalar gradient and related quantities in turbulent premixed flames , 1997 .

[149]  Kazuya Kobayashi,et al.  Local fine flame structure and its influence on mixing processes in turbulent premixed flames , 1990 .

[150]  STUDY OF FLAME STABILIZATION IN A SWIRLING COMBUSTOR USING A NEW FLAMELET FORMULATION , 2005 .

[151]  R. Koch,et al.  Compressible large eddy simulation of turbulent combustion in complex geometry on unstructured meshes , 2004 .

[152]  V E Beckner,et al.  Numerical simulation of a laboratory-scale turbulent V-flame. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[153]  Ray W. Grout,et al.  Interaction of turbulence and scalar fields in premixed flames , 2006 .

[154]  Stephen B. Pope,et al.  Paradigms in turbulent combustion research , 2005 .

[155]  VARIATION OF TURBULENT BURNING RATE OF METHANE, METHANOL, AND ISO-OCTANE AIR MIXTURES WITH EQUIVALENCE RATIO AT ELEVATED PRESSURE , 2005 .

[156]  Martin R. Maxey,et al.  Small‐scale features of vorticity and passive scalar fields in homogeneous isotropic turbulence , 1991 .

[157]  S. Sattler,et al.  Determination of three-dimensional flamelet orientation distributions in turbulent V-flames from two-dimensional image data , 2002 .

[158]  H. Tsuji,et al.  Characteristic scale of wrinkles in turbulent premixed flames , 1982 .

[159]  T. Maxworthy.  Flame Propagation in Tubes , 1962 .

[160]  Derek Bradley,et al.  Turbulent burning velocities and flame straining in explosions , 1984, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[161]  Alan R. Kerstein,et al.  Turbulence in combustion processes: Modeling challenges , 2002 .

[162]  Stephen B. Pope,et al.  A generalized Langevin model for turbulent flows , 1986 .

[163]  A. Lipatnikov.  Premixed Turbulent Flame as a Developing Front with a Self-Similar Structure , 2006 .

[164]  C. Law,et al.  Cellular instabilities and self-acceleration of outwardly propagating spherical flames , 2002 .

[165]  F. Williams,et al.  Experimental investigation of a premixed flame in an impinging turbulent stream , 1994 .

[166]  R. Himeno,et al.  Modelling of turbulent scalar flux in turbulent premixed flames based on DNS databases , 2006 .

[167]  L. D. Goey,et al.  Direct Numerical Simulations of Premixed Turbulent Flames with Reduced Chemistry: Validation and Flamelet Analysis , 2005 .

[168]  Nedunchezhian Swaminathan,et al.  Finite rate chemistry and presumed PDF models for premixed turbulent combustion , 2006 .

[169]  R. Cheng,et al.  Velocity statistics in premixed turbulent flames , 1983 .

[170]  Alain Boutier,et al.  Laser velocimeter measurements in a turbulent flame , 1977 .

[171]  V. Bychkov,et al.  ON THE THEORY OF TURBULENT FLAME VELOCITY , 2007, 1210.5311.

[172]  Friedrich Dinkelacker,et al.  Direct determination of the turbulent flux by simultaneous application of filtered rayleigh scattering thermometry and particle image velocimetry , 2002 .

[173]  Martin Oberlack,et al.  On symmetries and averaging of the G-equation for premixed combustion , 2001, Proceeding of Second Symposium on Turbulence and Shear Flow Phenomena.

[174]  Mathew P. Thariyan,et al.  Simultaneous stereo particle image velocimetry and double-pulsed planar laser-induced fluorescence of turbulent premixed flames , 2007 .

[175]  A. A. Westenberg.  Flame Turbulence Measurements by the Method of Helium Diffusion , 1954 .

[176]  D. Ballal.  Studies of turbulent flow-flame interaction , 1986 .

[177]  U. Frisch.  Turbulence: The Legacy of A. N. Kolmogorov , 1996 .

[178]  W. Jones.  Models for turbulent flows with variable density and combustion , 1979 .

[179]  L. Kostiuk,et al.  Experimentally measured burning rates of premixed turbulent flames , 1996 .

[180]  Elaine S. Oran,et al.  Numerical Simulation of Reactive Flow , 1987 .

[181]  C. Casciola,et al.  Counter-gradient transport in the combustion of a premixed CH4/air annular jet by combined PIV/OH-LIF , 2009 .

[182]  Robert W. Bilger,et al.  Experimental investigation of three-dimensional flame-front structure in premixed turbulent combustion-I: Hydrocarbon/air Bunsen flames , 2002 .

[183]  Hideaki Kobayashi,et al.  Relationship between the smallest scale of flame wrinkles and turbulence characteristics of high-pressure, high-temperature turbulent premixed flames , 2002 .

[184]  Yung-cheng Chen,et al.  Simultaneous 2-D Imaging Measurements of Reaction Progress Variable and OH Radical Concentration in Turbulent Premixed Flames: Experimental Methods and Flame Brush Structure , 2001 .

[185]  J. B. Moss,et al.  Unified modeling approach for premixed turbulent combustion—Part I: General formulation , 1985 .

[186]  B. Renou,et al.  Characterization of the local flame structure and the flame surface density for freely propagating premixed flames at various lewis numbers , 2002 .

[187]  R. P. Lindstedt,et al.  Computations of steady-state and transient premixed turbulent flames using pdf methods , 1996 .

[188]  M. Dashchuk.  Preservation of approach-flow velocity and turbulence in bunsen flames , 1971 .

[189]  R. Cheng,et al.  Interpretation of Conditional Statistics in Open Oblique Premixed Turbulent Flames , 1986 .

[190]  N. A. Chigier,et al.  Laser anemometer measurements in flames with swirl , 1975 .

[191]  M. Klein,et al.  Influence of Lewis number on the surface density function transport in the thin reaction zone regime for turbulent premixed flames , 2008 .

[192]  Derek Bradley,et al.  Lewis number effects on turbulent burning velocity , 1985 .

[193]  R. Borghi.  On the Structure and Morphology of Turbulent Premixed Flames , 1985 .

[194]  P. G. Hill,et al.  The structure of small-scale turbulence and its effect on combustion in spark ignition engines , 1987 .

[195]  C. Law,et al.  Coupled hydrodynamic and diffusional-thermal instabilities in flame propagation at subunity Lewis numbers , 2005 .

[196]  A. Leipertz,et al.  High resolution dual-plane stereo-PIV for validation of subgrid scale models in large-eddy simulations of turbulent premixed flames , 2009 .

[197]  K. Bray,et al.  Vorticity in unsteady premixed flames: vortex pair–premixed flame interactions under imposed body forces and various degrees of heat release and laminar flame thickness , 2001 .

[198]  Mamoru Tanahashi,et al.  EFFECT OF TURBULENCE CHARACTERISTICS ON LOCAL FLAME STRUCTURE OF H 2 -AIR PREMIXED FLAMES , 2003 .

[199]  Thierry Mantel,et al.  Some conditional statistics in a turbulent premixed flame derived from direct numerical simulations , 1995 .

[200]  Ömer L. Gülder,et al.  Characterization of flame front surfaces in turbulent premixed methane/Air combustion , 1995 .

[201]  J. Smagorinsky,et al.  GENERAL CIRCULATION EXPERIMENTS WITH THE PRIMITIVE EQUATIONS , 1963 .

[202]  G. Batchelor,et al.  The effect of homogeneous turbulence on material lines and surfaces , 1952, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[203]  K. Bray,et al.  Velocity and scalar statistics for premixed turbulent stagnation flames using PIV , 1998 .

[204]  A. Lipatnikov.  Conditionally averaged balance equations for modeling premixed turbulent combustion in flamelet regime , 2008 .

[205]  P. Libby,et al.  Variable Density Effects in Premixed Turbulent Flames , 1977 .

[206]  Jacqueline H. Chen,et al.  The mechanism of two-dimensional pocket formation in lean premixed methane-air flames with implications to turbulent combustion , 1999 .

[207]  R. Borghi.  Turbulent combustion modelling , 1988 .

[208]  L. Talbot,et al.  Density fluctuations in premixed turbulent flames , 1985 .

[209]  Mohy S. Mansour,et al.  Topology of turbulent premixed flame fronts resolved by simultaneous planar imaging of LIPF of OH radical and rayleigh scattering , 1999 .

[210]  J. Janicka,et al.  A two-variables formalism for the treatment of chemical reactions in turbulent H2—Air diffusion flames , 1979 .

[211]  A. Klimenko,et al.  Conditional moment closure for turbulent combustion , 1999 .

[212]  S. Corrsin,et al.  Investigation of Flow in an Axially Symmetrical Heated Jet of Air , 1943 .

[213]  Andrei Lipatnikov,et al.  A test of an engineering model of premixed turbulent combustion , 1996 .

[214]  Marcus Aldén,et al.  Combustion at the focus: laser diagnostics and control , 2005 .

[215]  W. Shyy,et al.  The role of hydrodynamic instability in flame-vortex interaction , 2002 .

[216]  R. Cheng,et al.  The influence of burner geometry on premixed turbulent flame propagation , 1991 .

[217]  A. D. Gosman,et al.  Application of a flame-wrinkling les combustion model to a turbulent mixing layer , 1998 .

[218]  Norbert Peters,et al.  Measurements of the turbulent burning velocity and the structure of premixed flames on a low-swirl burner , 2000 .

[219]  Katepalli R. Sreenivasan,et al.  An update on the energy dissipation rate in isotropic turbulence , 1998 .

[220]  Robert W. Bilger,et al.  Measurements of conditional velocities in turbulent premixed flames by simultaneous OH PLIF and PIV , 1999 .

[221]  D. Ballal.  Further development of the three-region model of a premixed turbulent flame III. Eddy entrainment, combustion in depth process of region 3 , 1979, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[222]  R. Cheng,et al.  An experimental estimation of flame surface density and mean reaction rate in turbulent premixed flames , 1992 .

[223]  L. Talbot,et al.  Characterization of the density fluctuations in turbulent V-shaped premixed flames , 1986 .

[224]  Satoshi Kadowaki,et al.  Numerical simulation of dynamics of premixed flames: flame instability and vortex–flame interaction , 2005 .

[225]  D. Bhaduri,et al.  Structure of premixed turbulent flame , 1972 .

[226]  Rs Cant,et al.  Turbulent transport in premixed flames , 1994 .

[227]  Simulation of flame surface density and burning rate of a premixed turbulent flame using contour advection , 2006 .

[228]  N. Peters,et al.  The reaction zone structure of turbulent premixed methane-helium-air flames near extinction , 1992 .

[229]  R. P. Lindstedt,et al.  Transported PDF modeling of high-Reynolds-number premixed turbulent flames , 2006 .

[230]  James F. Driscoll,et al.  The Strain Exerted by a Vortex on a Flame—Determined from Velocity Field Images , 1994 .

[231]  L. Talbot,et al.  CONDITIONAL VELOCITY STATISTICS IN PREMIXED CH4-AIR AND C2H4-AIR TURBULENT FLAMES , 1985 .

[232]  Aa Townnsend.  Local Isotropy in the Turbulent Wake of a Cylinder , 1948 .

[233]  Youngbin Yoon,et al.  Measurements of the heat release rate integral in turbulent premixed stagnation flames with particle image velocimetry , 2008 .

[234]  T. Hasegawa,et al.  Modelling of the correlation between velocity and reactive scalar gradients in turbulent premixed flames based on DNS data , 2008 .

[235]  Joel H. Ferziger,et al.  Simulations of flame-vortex interactions , 1991 .

[236]  Charles A. Amann,et al.  Combustion Modeling in Reciprocating Engines , 1980 .

[237]  A. Yoshida.  Structure of opposed jet premixed flame and transition of turbulent premixed flame structure , 1989 .

[238]  M. S. Uberoi.  Flow Field of a Flame in a Channel , 1959 .

[239]  J. Driscoll,et al.  Measurement of various terms in the turbulent kinetic energy balance within a flame and comparison with theory , 1988 .

[240]  Yung-cheng Chen,et al.  Turbulence and scalar transport in premixed bunsen flames of lean hydrogen/air mixtures , 2000 .

[241]  W. Strahle,et al.  Pressure-Velocity Correlation in a Reactive Turbulent Flow , 1982 .

[242]  F. Gouldin,et al.  Crossed-plane laser tomography: Direct measurement of the flamelet surface normal , 1998 .

[243]  F. Williams,et al.  Influence of wrinkled premixed-flame dynamics on large-scale, low-intensity turbulent flow , 1991, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[244]  Jacqueline H. Chen,et al.  Comparison of direct numerical simulation of lean premixed methane–air flames with strained laminar flame calculations , 2006 .

[245]  Nilanjan Chakraborty,et al.  Effects of strain rate and curvature on the propagation of a spherical flame kernel in the thin-reaction-zones regime , 2006 .

[246]  D. Ballal.  The influence of laminar burning velocity on the structure and propagation of turbulent flames , 1979, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[247]  F. E. Wells,et al.  Investigation of Turbulent Flames , 1951 .

[248]  Y. Kortsarts,et al.  On Hydrodynamic Instability of Stretched Flames , 1997 .

[249]  B. Bédat,et al.  Experimental Study of Premixed Flames in Intense Isotropic Turbulence , 1995 .

[250]  J. Chomiak,et al.  Self-Similarly Developing, Premixed, Turbulent Flames: A Theoretical Study , 2005 .

[251]  Isao Kataoka,et al.  Local instant formulation of two-phase flow , 1986 .

[252]  I. G. Shepherd,et al.  The burning rate in turbulent bunsen flames , 1998 .

[253]  N. Chakraborty,et al.  Effects of Lewis number on scalar transport in turbulent premixed flames , 2009 .

[254]  Christer Fureby.  Large Eddy Simulation of Combustion Instabilities in a Jet Engine Afterburner Model , 2000 .

[255]  H. Boughanem,et al.  THE DOMAIN OF INFLUENCE OF FLAME INSTABILITIES IN TURBULENT PREMIXED COMBUSTION , 1998 .

[256]  W. Hayes.  The vorticity jump across a gasdynamic discontinuity , 1957, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[257]  R. Cheng,et al.  Intermittency and conditional velocities in premixed conical turbulent flames , 1987 .

[258]  Yong-Hoon Im,et al.  Zone conditional assessment of flame-generated turbulence with DNS database of a turbulent premixed flame , 2004 .

[259]  A. Lipatnikov.  Can we characterize turbulence in premixed flames , 2009 .

[260]  W. Strahle.  Estimation of Some Correlations in a Premixed Reactive Turbulent Flow , 1982 .

[261]  I. G. Shepherd,et al.  Premixed flame front structure in intense turbulence , 2002 .

[262]  Pierre Plion,et al.  A MULTI-DIRAC PRESUMED PDF MODEL FOR TURBULENT REACTIVE FLOWS WITH VARIABLE EQUIVALENCE RATIO , 2006 .

[263]  H. Tsuji,et al.  Structure of highly turbulent premixed flames , 1992 .

[264]  P. Gaskell,et al.  Pressure-containing correlations in variable density and turbulent reacting flows , 1988 .

[265]  R. Günther,et al.  Experimental investigation of thermal structure of turbulent premixed flames , 1980 .

[266]  V. R. Kuznetsov.  Estimate of the correlation between pressure pulsations and the divergence of the velocity in subsonic flows of variable density , 1979 .

[267]  Charles J. Mueller,et al.  Vorticity generation and attenuation as vortices convect through a premixed flame , 1998 .

[268]  Robert W. Bilger,et al.  Some Aspects of Scalar Dissipation , 2004 .

[269]  Philip H. Gaskell,et al.  Application of a reynolds stress, stretched flamelet, mathematical model to computations of turbulent burning velocities and comparison with experiments , 1994 .

[270]  R. Long.  PublicationSelf-ignition, flame and detonation in gases: A. S. Sokolik, Moscow, 1960. Translated from Russian by N. Kaner and edited by R. Hardin. Israel Program for Scientific Translations: Jerusalem, 1963. vi+458 pp. 96s , 1964 .

[271]  L. Talbot,et al.  Flame propagation in grid-induced turbulence , 1981 .

[272]  N. Swaminathan,et al.  Relationship between turbulent scalar flux and conditional dilatation in premixed flames with complex chemistry , 2001 .

[273]  J. Chomiak,et al.  Modeling variable density effects in turbulent flames—Some basic considerations , 1995 .

[274]  I. Shepherd,et al.  Characteristic Scales for Density Fluctuations in a Turbulent Premixed Flame , 1983 .

[275]  A. Yoshida.  An experimental study of wrinkled laminar flame , 1981 .

[276]  Thierry Poinsot,et al.  Quenching processes and premixed turbulent combustion diagrams , 1991, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[277]  V. Bychkov.  Importance of the Darrieus-Landau instability for strongly corrugated turbulent flames. , 2003, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[278]  S. Candel,et al.  Applications of direct numerical simulation to premixed turbulent combustion , 1995 .

[279]  F. Williams,et al.  Anisotropic enhancement of turbulence in large-scale, low-intensity turbulent premixed propane–air flames , 2002, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[280]  Stephen B. Pope,et al.  Propagating surfaces in isotropic turbulence , 1992, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[281]  P. Libby,et al.  Idealized Two Dimensional Flames in Premixed Systems , 1994 .

[282]  Yung-cheng Chen,et al.  Detailed measurements of local scalar front structures in stagnation-type turbulent premixed flames , 2005 .

[283]  V. L. Zimont,et al.  Gas premixed combustion at high turbulence. Turbulent flame closure combustion model , 2000 .

[284]  Thierry Poinsot,et al.  Diagrams of premixed turbulent combustion based on direct simulation , 1991 .

[285]  Friedrich Dinkelacker,et al.  Measurement of the resolved flame structure of turbulent premixed flames with constant reynolds number and varied stoichiometry , 1998 .

[286]  K. Huh,et al.  Zone conditional modeling of premixed turbulent flames at a high Damköhler number , 2004 .

[287]  M. Champion,et al.  Relevance of the Bray number in the small-scale modeling of turbulent premixed flames , 2009 .

[288]  J. Driscoll,et al.  Measurements of turbulent premixed flame dynamics using cinema stereoscopic PIV , 2008 .

[289]  Ö. Gülder.  Contribution of small scale turbulence to burning velocity of flamelets in the thin reaction zone regime , 2007 .

[290]  J. C. Rotta,et al.  Turbulent boundary layers in incompressible flow , 1962 .

[291]  D. Veynante,et al.  The coupling between flame surface dynamics and species mass conservation in premixed turbulent combustion , 1994 .

[292]  R. Lindstedt,et al.  Second moment modeling of premixed turbulent flames stabilized in impinging jet geometries , 1998 .

[293]  Thierry Poinsot,et al.  Effects of pressure gradients on turbulent premixed flames , 1997, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[294]  Robert W. Bilger,et al.  Experimental investigation of turbulent scalar flux in premixed stagnation-type flames , 2002 .

[295]  Bruno Renou,et al.  Experimental and numerical analysis of stratified turbulent V-shaped flames , 2008 .

[296]  M. Matalon,et al.  Wrinkling of spherically expanding flames , 2002 .

[297]  I. Gökalp,et al.  Influence of the Damköhler number on the average thickness of conical turbulent premixed methane/air flames☆ , 1988 .

[298]  N. Peters.  The turbulent burning velocity for large-scale and small-scale turbulence , 1999, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[299]  Friedrich Dinkelacker,et al.  Development of an algebraic reaction rate closure for the numerical calculation of turbulent premixed methane, ethylene, and propane/air flames for pressures up to 1.0 MPa , 2005 .

[300]  D. Burgess,et al.  Applications of the Electronic Probe to the Study of Turbulent Flames , 1957 .

[301]  C. J. Lawn,et al.  Burning velocity of premixed turbulent flames in the weakly wrinkled regime , 2006 .

[302]  G. M. Makhviladze,et al.  The Mathematical Theory of Combustion and Explosions , 2011 .

[303]  L. Richardson,et al.  Atmospheric Diffusion Shown on a Distance-Neighbour Graph , 1926 .

[304]  J. Daily,et al.  The effect of reactive intermediates on the propagation of turbulent premixed flames: Comparison of experiment and theory , 1986 .

[305]  Derek Bradley,et al.  Problems of predicting turbulent burning rates , 2002 .

[306]  F. Smith,et al.  Flame stretch rate as a determinant of turbulent burning velocity , 1992, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[307]  Nedunchezhian Swaminathan,et al.  Interdependence of the Instantaneous Flame Front Structure and the Overall Scalar Flux in Turbulent Premixed Flames , 1997 .

[308]  Ömer L. Gülder,et al.  Turbulent premixed flame propagation models for different combustion regimes , 1990 .

[309]  F. Biagioli.  Position, thickness and transport properties of turbulent premixed flames in stagnating flows , 2004 .

[310]  M. Z. Haq,et al.  Laminar burning velocity and Markstein lengths of methane–air mixtures , 2000 .

[311]  S. Menon,et al.  Large-Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Premixed Flames in the Flamelet Regime , 2001 .

[312]  F. Williams,et al.  Turbulent Reacting Flows , 1981 .

[313]  J. Lumley,et al.  A First Course in Turbulence , 1972 .

[314]  Stephen B. Pope,et al.  Calculations of premixed turbulent flames by PDF methods , 1987 .

[315]  J. H. Whitelaw,et al.  Application of laser anemometry to the measurement of flow properties in industrial burner flames , 1973 .

[316]  B. Launder,et al.  Ground effects on pressure fluctuations in the atmospheric boundary layer , 1978, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[317]  Norbert Peters,et al.  Laser optical investigation of turbulent transport of temperature ahead of the preheat zone in a premixed flame , 2004 .

[318]  N. Peters,et al.  Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Flame Structure with Non-unity Lewis Number , 1987 .

[319]  V. P. Karpov,et al.  Turbulent burn-up rates of propane-air flames determined in a bomb with agitators , 1978 .

[320]  K.N.C. Bray,et al.  The interaction between turbulence and combustion , 1979 .

[321]  J. Sethian,et al.  Dynamical behaviour of a premixed turbulent open V-flame , 1995 .

[322]  F. Williams,et al.  A Presumed Pdf Analysis of Partially Premixed Turbulent Combustion , 2000 .

[323]  Sune B. Berndt.  The vorticity jump across a flow discontinuity , 1966 .

[324]  K. Dandekar,et al.  Temperature and velocity measurements in premixed turbulent flames , 1981 .

[325]  A. H. Lefebvre,et al.  The structure and propagation of turbulent flames , 1975, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[326]  G. Masuya.  Influence of laminar flame speed on turbulent premixed combustion , 1986 .

[327]  Paul A. Libby,et al.  Implications of the laminar flamelet model in premixed turbulent combustion , 1980 .

[328]  S. Sattler,et al.  Three-dimensional temperature gradients in premixed turbulent flamelets via crossed-plane Rayleigh imaging , 2005 .

[329]  J. Ferziger,et al.  Structure and propagation speeds of turbulent premixed flames—A numerical study , 1991 .

[330]  C. Law,et al.  Effects of turbulence and flame instability on flame front evolution , 2006 .

[331]  G. S. S. Ludford,et al.  Theory of Laminar Flames , 1982 .

[332]  K. Bray,et al.  Turbulent transport in flames , 1995, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[333]  Direct evaluation of the subgrid scale scalar flux in turbulent premixed flames with conditioned dual-plane stereo PIV , 2009 .

[334]  C. Law,et al.  Velocity and scalar fields of turbulent premixed flames in stagnation flow , 1988 .

[335]  G. Taylor.  Statistical theory of turbulence IV-Diffusion in a turbulent air stream , 1935, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A - Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[336]  S. Pope.  PDF methods for turbulent reactive flows , 1985 .

[337]  Hidenori Tanaka,et al.  Cross-correlation of velocity and temperature in a premixed turbulent flame , 1983 .

[338]  Robert W. Bilger,et al.  Future progress in turbulent combustion research , 2000 .

[339]  Experimental Study of the Darrieus-Landau instability on an inverted-‘V’ flame, and measurement of the Markstein number , 1999 .

[340]  Rs Cant,et al.  Scalar transport modeling in large eddy simulation of turbulent premixed flames , 2002 .

[341]  D. Bradley,et al.  Premixed turbulent burning during explosions , 1988 .

[342]  L. Talbot,et al.  Some fluid dynamic considerations in the modeling of flames , 1988 .

[343]  Norbert Peters,et al.  The detailed flame structure of highly stretched turbulent premixed methane-air flames , 1996 .

[344]  M. Scott,et al.  Measurement of temperature PDFS in turbulent flames by the CARS technique , 1992 .

[345]  C. Gibson.  Fine Structure of Scalar Fields Mixed by Turbulence. I. Zero‐Gradient Points and Minimal Gradient Surfaces , 1968 .

[346]  S. Pope.  Ten questions concerning the large-eddy simulation of turbulent flows , 2004 .

[347]  D. Spalding.  Mixing and chemical reaction in steady confined turbulent flames , 1971 .

[348]  P. Libby,et al.  Pre-mixed flames in stagnating turbulence , 2001 .

[349]  P. Libby.  A Non-Gradient Theory for Premixed Turbulent Flames , 1980 .

[350]  Joshua R. Smith,et al.  Internal structure of a turbulent premixed flame using Rayleigh scattering , 1984 .

[351]  M. Champion,et al.  Counter-gradient diffusion in a confined turbulent premixed flame , 1997 .

[352]  R. Lindstedt,et al.  Time resolved velocity and turbulence measurements in turbulent gaseous explosions , 1998 .

[353]  Robert W. Bilger,et al.  Marker fields for turbulent premixed combustion , 2004 .

[354]  J. Driscoll,et al.  Flame-generated turbulence and mass fluxes: Effect of varying heat release , 1988 .

[355]  A. M. Kuethe,et al.  Flow Field of a Bunsen Flame , 1958 .

[356]  B. Launder,et al.  Application of the energy-dissipation model of turbulence to the calculation of flow near a spinning disc , 1974 .

[357]  G. Batchelor.  Small-scale variation of convected quantities like temperature in turbulent fluid Part 1. General discussion and the case of small conductivity , 1959, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[358]  A. Lipatnikov,et al.  APPLICATION OF THE MARKSTEIN NUMBER CONCEPT TO CURVED TURBULENT FLAMES , 2004 .

[359]  I. Gökalp,et al.  Time scales of the scalar field in turbulent premixed conical flames , 1989 .

[360]  D. Santavicca,et al.  Flame-Turbulence Interactions in a Freely-Propagating, Premixed Flame , 1990 .

[361]  N. Peters.  The Premixed Turbulent Flame in the Limit of a Large Activation Energy , 1982 .

[362]  N. Peters.  Laminar flamelet concepts in turbulent combustion , 1988 .

[363]  B. Raushenbakh,et al.  PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF THE WORKING PROCESS IN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS OF JET ENGINES , 1967 .

[364]  J. Lumley.  Pressure‐strain correlation , 1975 .

[365]  I. G. Shepherd,et al.  The burning rate of premixed turbulent flames in divergent flows , 1994 .

[366]  V. R. Kuznetsov,et al.  Turbulence and combustion , 1990 .

[367]  J. Chomiak,et al.  Molecular transport effects on turbulent flame propagation and structure , 2005 .

[368]  Stephen B. Pope,et al.  On the relationship between stochastic Lagrangian models of turbulence and second‐moment closures , 1994 .

[369]  M. Mansour,et al.  Geometric interpretation of fractal parameters measured in turbulent premixed Bunsen flames , 2003 .

[370]  Thierry Poinsot,et al.  Numerical simulations of Lewis number effects in turbulent premixed flames , 1992, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[371]  Claudio Bruno,et al.  The coupling of turbulence and chemistry in a premixed bluff-body flame as studied by LES , 2004 .

[372]  S. Pope.  Lagrangian PDF Methods for Turbulent Flows , 1994 .

[373]  R. Cheng,et al.  A comparison of the velocity and scalar spectra in premixed turbulent flames , 1989 .

[374]  I. Shepherd.  Heat release and induced strain in premixed flames , 1995 .

[375]  A. Lipatnikov,et al.  NUMERICAL TESTS OF A MEASUREMENT METHOD FOR TURBULENT BURNING VELOCITY IN STAGNATION FLAMES , 2006 .

[376]  P. Libby,et al.  Nongradient Theory for Oblique Turbulent Flames with Premixed Reactants , 1981 .

[377]  Campbell D. Carter,et al.  Measured properties of turbulent premixed flames for model assessment, including burning velocities, stretch rates, and surface densities , 2005 .

[378]  J. Chomiak.  Combustion: A Study in Theory, Fact and Application , 1987 .

[379]  Tarek Echekki,et al.  Unsteady strain rate and curvature effects in turbulent premixed methane-air flames , 1996 .

[380]  E. Zukoski,et al.  Flame spreading from bluff-body flameholders , 1961 .

[381]  Derek Bradley,et al.  Dependence of turbulent burning velocity on turbulent reynolds number and ratio of flaminar burning velocity to R.M.S. turbulent velocity , 1977 .

[382]  Mechanism of Interaction between a Vortex Pair and a Premixed Flame , 2000 .

[383]  Ö. Gülder,et al.  Flame Surface Fractal Characteristics in Premixed Turbulent Combustion at High Turbulence Intensities , 2007 .

[384]  K. Maruta,et al.  Experimental study on general correlation of turbulent burning velocity at high pressure , 1998 .

[385]  S. Candel,et al.  Dynamics of flame/vortex interactions , 2000 .

[386]  K. Bray,et al.  Vorticity and scalar transport in premixed turbulent combustion , 1998 .

[387]  De Goey,et al.  The laminar burning velocity of flames propagating in mixtures of hydrocarbons and air measured with the heat flux method , 2004 .

[388]  Robert K. Cheng,et al.  The burning rate of premixed flames in moderate and intense turbulence , 2001 .

[389]  L. Talbot,et al.  Experimental criteria for the determination of fractal parameters of premixed turbulent flames , 1992 .

[390]  N. Chakraborty,et al.  Statistical Behavior and Modeling of the Flame Normal Vector in Turbulent Premixed Flames , 2006 .

[391]  G. Batchelor,et al.  The theory of homogeneous turbulence , 1954 .

[392]  D. Veynante,et al.  Gradient and counter-gradient scalar transport in turbulent premixed flames , 1997, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[393]  Y. Mimura,et al.  Velocity-temperature correlation in premixed flame , 1981 .

[394]  I. G. Shepherd,et al.  Measuring the Burning Rate of Premixed Turbulent Flames in Stagnation Flows , 1996 .

[395]  Luc Vervisch,et al.  DNS of a premixed turbulent V flame and LES of a ducted flame using a FSD-PDF subgrid scale closure with FPI-tabulated chemistry , 2005 .

[396]  Chaouki Ghenai,et al.  Mass flux measurements for burning rate determination of premixed turbulent flames , 1998 .

[397]  B. Deshaies,et al.  Experimental and numerical study of a premixed flame stabilized by a rectangular section cylinder , 1996 .

[398]  V. Bychkov,et al.  INCREASE OF THE FLAME VELOCITY IN A ROTATING GAS AND THE RENORMALIZATION APPROACH TO TURBULENT BURNING , 2007 .

[399]  R. C. Aldredge,et al.  Premixed-flame propagation in turbulent Taylor–Couette flow , 1998 .

[400]  J. B. Moss,et al.  Turbulence Production in Premixed Turbulent Flames , 1981 .

[401]  W. Strahle,et al.  The effect of pressure-velocity correlation in a premixed, planar, turbulent flame , 1983 .

[402]  V. L. Zimont,et al.  Theory of turbulent combustion of a homogeneous fuel mixture at high reynolds numbers , 1979 .

[403]  Johannes Janicka,et al.  Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Combustion Systems , 2005 .

[404]  F. C. Gouldin.  Combustion intensity and burning rate integral of premixed flames , 1996 .

[405]  G. Sivashinsky.  Some developments in premixed combustion modeling , 2002 .

[406]  T. Poinsot,et al.  Theoretical and numerical combustion , 2001 .

[407]  Paul A. Libby,et al.  Countergradient Diffusion in Premixed Turbulent Flames , 1981 .

[408]  A. W. Vreman,et al.  Subgrid Scale Modeling in Large-Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Combustion Using Premixed Flamelet Chemistry , 2009 .

[409]  A study of the effects of pressure-driven transport on developing turbulent flame structure and propagation , 2004 .

[410]  T. Poinsot,et al.  Studies of mean and unsteady flow in a swirled combustor using experiments, acoustic analysis, and large eddy simulations , 2005 .

[411]  Christopher J. Rutland,et al.  Premixed flame effects on turbulence and pressure-related terms , 1995 .

[412]  Forman A. Williams,et al.  Progress in knowledge of flamelet structure and extinction , 2000 .

[413]  A. Townsend.  The Structure of Turbulent Shear Flow , 1975 .

[414]  O. Guillon,et al.  Local measurements in a turbulent flame by hot-wire anemometry , 1971 .

[415]  S. Pope,et al.  A pdf modeling study of self‐similar turbulent free shear flows , 1987 .

[416]  S. Corrsin.  Limitations of Gradient Transport Models in Random Walks and in Turbulence , 1975 .

[417]  M. Haq,et al.  Turbulent burning velocity, burned gas distribution, and associated flame surface definition , 2003 .

[418]  J. Chomiak,et al.  Global stretch effects in premixed turbulent combustion , 2007 .

[419]  Roland Borghi,et al.  On the scales of the fluctuations in turbulent combustion , 1979 .

[420]  C. Dopazo,et al.  On conditioned averages for intermittent turbulent flows , 1977, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[421]  Jerzy Chomiak,et al.  Turbulent flame speed and thickness: phenomenology, evaluation, and application in multi-dimensional simulations , 2002 .

[422]  Victor Yakhot,et al.  Propagation Velocity of Premixed Turbulent Flames , 1988 .

[423]  Jerzy Chomiak,et al.  A theoretical study of premixed turbulent flame development , 2005 .

[424]  Laszlo Fuchs,et al.  LARGE EDDY SIMULATION OF TURBULENT PREMIXED COMBUSTION USING A MARKER FIELD , 2007 .

[425]  Kazuya Kobayashi,et al.  The effect of initial conditions on the propagation of a premixed flame in a mixing layer , 1988 .

[426]  J. Driscoll,et al.  Turbulent Premixed Hydrogen/Air Flames at High Reynolds Numbers , 1990 .

[427]  N. Chakraborty,et al.  Effects of strain rate and curvature on surface density function transport in turbulent premixed flames in the thin reaction zones regime , 2005 .

[428]  T. Gatski,et al.  Modelling the pressure–strain correlation of turbulence: an invariant dynamical systems approach , 1991, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[429]  R. Borghi,et al.  Experimental study of the mean reaction rates in a turbulent premixed flame , 1993 .

[430]  A. Lipatnikov.  SCALAR TRANSPORT IN SELF-SIMILAR, DEVELOPING, PREMIXED, TURBULENT FLAMES , 2007 .

[431]  R. Aldredge,et al.  Flame acceleration associated with the Darrieus-Landau instability , 2001 .

[432]  Christer Fureby,et al.  A fractal flame-wrinkling large eddy simulation model for premixed turbulent combustion , 2005 .

[433]  Dmitriy Makarov,et al.  LES of Hydrogen-Air Deflagrations in a 78.5-m Tunnel , 2008 .

[434]  A. Dreizler,et al.  Fluid Dynamical Analysis of Atmospheric Reacting and Isothermal Swirling Flows , 2005 .

[435]  A. Lefebvre,et al.  Turbulence effects on enclosed flames , 1974 .

[436]  Michael A. Liberman,et al.  Dynamics and stability of premixed flames , 2000 .

[437]  C. Shipman,et al.  Turbulent mass transfer and rates of combustion in confined turbulent flames , 1963 .

[438]  Hideaki Kobayashi,et al.  Effects of CO2 dilution on turbulent premixed flames at high pressure and high temperature , 2007 .

[439]  J. Daily,et al.  Combustion in a turbulent mixing layer formed at a rearward-facing step , 1983 .

[440]  R. Günther.  Turbulence properties of flames and their measurement , 1983 .

[441]  D. Bradley.  How fast can we burn , 1992 .

[442]  Dudley Brian Spalding,et al.  Kolmogorov’s two-equation model of turbulence , 1991, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[443]  W. Strahle.  Velocity-Pressure Gradient Correlation in Reactive Turbulent Flows , 1983 .

[444]  C. Sheppard,et al.  Towards a General Correlation of Turbulent Premixed Flame Wrinkling , 1999 .

[445]  R. Britter,et al.  Spatially resolved flamelet statistics for reaction rate modeling , 1990 .

[446]  J. Moss,et al.  Time-resolved scalar measurements in a confined turbulent premixed flame , 1979 .

[447]  D. Naot,et al.  Two‐point correlation model and the redistribution of Reynolds stresses , 1973 .

[448]  J. H. Grover,et al.  TURBULENT FLAME STUDIES IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL OPEN BURNERS , 1963 .

[449]  L. Talbot,et al.  On the high-resolution modelling of a turbulent premixed open v-flame , 2003 .

[450]  Pressure-density correlation in a turbulent reacting flow , 1991 .

[451]  Y. A. Gostintsev,et al.  Self-similar propagation of a free turbulent flame in mixed gas mixtures , 1988 .

[452]  R. Hilbert,et al.  Two- versus three-dimensional direct simulations of turbulent methane flame kernels using realistic chemistry , 2002 .

[453]  D. Veynante,et al.  Experimental analysis of flame surface density models for premixed turbulent combustion , 1996 .

[454]  Pascale Domingo,et al.  Laminar flamelet expressions for pressure fluctuation terms in second moment models of premixed turbulent combustion , 2000 .

[455]  A. Sjunnesson,et al.  CARS measurements and visualization of reacting flows in a bluff body stabilized flame , 1992 .

[456]  V. Bychkov,et al.  Velocity of weakly turbulent flames of finite thickness , 2005 .

[457]  Ömer L. Gülder,et al.  Inner cutoff scale of flame surface wrinkling in turbulent premixed flames , 1995 .

[458]  Hideaki Kobayashi,et al.  Burning velocity correlation of methane/air turbulent premixed flames at high pressure and high temperature , 2005 .

[459]  Nilanjan Chakraborty,et al.  Scalar Dissipation Rate Modeling and its Validation , 2009 .

[460]  Friedrich Dinkelacker,et al.  Systematic experiments on turbulent premixed Bunsen flames including turbulent flux measurements , 2008 .

[461]  C. Chauveau,et al.  A comparison between dynamic and scalar timescales in lean premixed turbulent flames , 1998 .

[462]  Robert S. Brodkey,et al.  The phenomena of fluid motions , 1967 .

[463]  F. Williams,et al.  Theory of premixed-flame propagation in large-scale turbulence , 1979, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[464]  Measurements of Conditioned Velocities in a Turbulent Premixed Flame , 1981 .

[465]  K. Wohl,et al.  Experiments with Butane-Air and Methane-Air Flames , 1955 .

[466]  Howard W. Emmons,et al.  Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics , 1958 .

[467]  M. Champion,et al.  Modeling a Turbulent Reactive Flow with Variable Equivalence Ratio: Application to a Flame Stabilized by a Two-Dimensional Sudden Expansion , 2000 .