The Impacts of High V2G Participation in a 100% Renewable Åland Energy System

A 100% renewable energy (RE) scenario featuring high participation in vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services was developed for the Åland islands for 2030 using the EnergyPLAN modelling tool. Hourly data was analysed to determine the roles of various energy storage solutions, notably V2G connections that extended into electric boat batteries. Two weeks of interest (max/min RE) generation were studied in detail to determine the roles of energy storage solutions. Participation in V2G connections facilitated high shares of variable RE on a daily and weekly basis. In a Sustainable Mobility scenario, high participation in V2G (2750 MWhe) resulted in less gas storage (1200 MWhth), electrolyser capacity (6.1 MWe), methanation capacity (3.9 MWhgas), and offshore wind power capacity (55 MWe) than other scenarios that featured lower V2G participation. Consequently, total annualised costs were lower (225 M€/a). The influence of V2G connections on seasonal storage is an interesting result for a relatively cold, northern geographic area. A key point is that stored electricity need not only be considered as storage for future use by the grid, but V2G batteries can provide a buffer between generation of intermittent RE and its end-use. Direct consumption of intermittent RE further reduces the need for storage and generation capacities.

[1]  P. Stackhouse,et al.  Surface meteorology and Solar Energy ( SSE ) Release 6 . 0 Methodology Version 3 . 1 . 2 June 24 , 2015 , 2015 .

[2]  Brian Vad Mathiesen,et al.  Simulation versus Optimisation: Theoretical Positions in Energy System Modelling , 2017 .

[3]  Philipp Blechinger,et al.  Global analysis of the techno-economic potential of renewable energy hybrid systems on small islands , 2016 .

[4]  M. Hlusiak,et al.  Optimising a Renewables Based Island Grid and Integrating a Battery Electric Vehicles Concept on the Example of Graciosa Island, Azores Archipelago , 2012 .

[5]  Daniel Stetter,et al.  Enhancement of the REMix energy system model : global renewable energy potentials, optimized power plant siting and scenario validation , 2014 .

[6]  Zita Vale,et al.  Evaluation of the electric vehicle impact in the power demand curve in a smart grid environment , 2014 .

[7]  Willett Kempton,et al.  The Future Promise of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Integration: A Sociotechnical Review and Research Agenda , 2017 .

[8]  John K. Kaldellis,et al.  Techno-economic comparison of energy storage systems for island autonomous electrical networks , 2009 .

[9]  Shahram Jadid,et al.  Integrated operation of electric vehicles and renewable generation in a smart distribution system , 2015 .

[10]  Christian Breyer,et al.  Scenarios for a sustainable energy system in the Åland Islands in 2030 , 2017 .

[11]  James Marco,et al.  On the possibility of extending the lifetime of lithium-ion batteries through optimal V2G facilitated by an integrated vehicle and smart-grid system , 2017 .

[12]  Brian Vad Mathiesen,et al.  A review of computer tools for analysing the integration of renewable energy into various energy systems , 2010 .

[13]  E. Bosch,et al.  Switching off the generator: technical and economic approach for storage based renewable energy systems for islands , 2013 .

[14]  Jukka Lassila,et al.  NETWORK EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES - CASE FROM NORDIC COUNTRY , 2011 .

[15]  Hewu Wang,et al.  Optimal decentralized valley-filling charging strategy for electric vehicles , 2014 .

[16]  Juha Kiviluoma,et al.  Managing wind power variability and uncertainty through increased power system flexibility , 2013 .

[17]  Rajesh Kumar,et al.  Strategic Energy Management (SEM) in a micro grid with modern grid interactive electric vehicle , 2015 .

[18]  Christian Breyer,et al.  The Role of Solar Energy towards 100% Renewable Power Supply for Israel: Integrating Solar PV, Wind Energy, CSP and Storages , 2015 .

[19]  Peter Lund,et al.  Review of energy system flexibility measures to enable high levels of variable renewable electricity , 2015 .

[20]  David Kleinhans,et al.  Integration of Renewable Energy Sources in future power systems: The role of storage , 2014, 1405.2857.

[21]  Jukka Lassila,et al.  Electric cars as part of electricity distribution - who pays, who benefits ? , 2012 .

[22]  Jonn Axsen,et al.  The neglected social dimensions to a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) transition: a critical and systematic review , 2018 .

[23]  Christian Breyer,et al.  Vision and initial feasibility analysis of a recarbonised Finnish energy system for 2050 , 2016 .

[24]  Christian Breyer,et al.  The Role of Energy Storage Solutions in a 100% Renewable Finnish Energy System , 2016 .