A model study of the coupled biological and physical dynamics in Lake Michigan

A coupled physical and biological model was developed for Lake Michigan. The physical model was the Princeton ocean model (POM) driven directly by observed winds and net surface heat flux. The biological model was an eight-component, phosphorus-limited, lower trophic level food web model, which included phosphate and silicate for nutrients, diatoms and non-diatoms for dominant phytoplankton species, copepods and protozoa for dominant zooplankton species, bacteria and detritus. Driven by observed meteorological forcings, a 1-D modeling experiment showed a controlling of physical processes on the seasonal variation of biological variables in Lake Michigan: diatoms grew significantly in the subsurface region in early summer as stratification developed and then decayed rapidly in the surface mixed layer when silicate supplied from the deep stratified region was reduced as a result of the formation of the thermocline. The non-diatoms subsequently grew in mid and late summer under a limited-phosphate environment and then declined in the fall and winter as a result of the nutrient consumption in the upper eutrophic layer, limitation of nutrients supplied from the deep region and meteorological cooling and wind mixing. The flux estimates suggested that the microbial loop had a significant contribution in the growth of microzooplankton and hence, to the lower-trophic level food web system. The model results agreed with observations, suggesting that the

[1]  M. Salençon,et al.  Simulation model of a mesotrophic reservoir (Lac de Pareloup, France): melodia, an ecosystem reservoir management model , 1996 .

[2]  S. Jørgensen.  Handbook of Ecological Parameters and Ecotoxicology , 1991 .

[3]  R. Cahill.  Geochemistry of recent Lake Michigan sediments , 1981 .

[4]  David Tilman,et al.  Phytoplankton Community Ecology: The Role of Limiting Nutrients , 1982 .

[5]  D. Beletsky,et al.  Modeling Thermal Structure and Circulation in Lake Michigan , 1998 .

[6]  Donald Scavia,et al.  An ecological model of Lake Ontario , 1980 .

[7]  G. Fahnenstiel,et al.  Dynamics of Lake Michigan Phytoplankton: Primary Production and Growth , 1987 .

[8]  T. Johengen,et al.  Intense winter heterotrophic production stimulated by benthic resuspension , 2000 .

[9]  Jean-Marc Thébault,et al.  Simulation model of a mesotrophic reservoir (Lac de Pareloup, France): biological model , 1993 .

[10]  D. Scavia.  Examination of Phosphorus Cycling and Control of Phytoplankton Dynamics in Lake Ontario with an Ecological Model , 1979 .

[11]  M. Mccormick,et al.  Uncertainty Analysis of Calculated Nutrient Regeneration Rates in Lake Michigan , 1984 .

[12]  D. Conley,et al.  Silica and Phosphorus Flux from Sediments: Importance of Internal Recycling in Lake Michigan , 1988 .

[13]  Paul C. Liu,et al.  A comparison of methods for estimating u * from given u z and air‐sea temperature differences , 1987 .

[14]  Gregory A. Lang,et al.  Dynamics of Lake Michigan Plankton: A Model Evaluation of Nutrient Loading, Competition, and Predation , 1988 .

[15]  Donald Scavia,et al.  Dynamics of Lake Michigan Phytoplankton: Recent Changes in Surface and Deep Communities , 1987 .

[16]  H. Vanderploeg.  Seasonal Particle-Size Selection by Diaptomus sicilis in Offshore Lake Michigan , 1981 .

[17]  Ivan Valiela,et al.  Marine Ecological Processes , 1984, Springer Advanced Texts in Life Sciences.

[18]  R. Moll,et al.  Seasonal and Spatial Distribution of Bacteria, Chlorophyll, and Nutrients in Nearshore Lake Michigan , 1986 .

[19]  Wayne S Gardner,et al.  Microbial Response to Amino Acid Additions in Lake Michigan: Grazer Control and Substrate Limitation of Bacterial Populations , 1986 .

[20]  W. Taylor,et al.  The importance of dissolved organic phosphorus to phosphorus uptake by limnetic plankton , 1992 .

[21]  S. Green,et al.  Prognostic Modeling Studies of the Keweenaw Current in Lake Superior. Part I: Formation and Evolution , 2001 .

[22]  G. Fahnenstiel,et al.  Planktonic Protozoa in Lakes Huron and Michigan: Seasonal Abundance and Composition of Ciliates and Dinoflagellates , 1990 .

[23]  Changsheng Chen,et al.  Plankton production in tidal fronts : A model of Georges Bank in summer , 1996 .

[24]  N. Heaps,et al.  Three-dimensional coastal ocean models , 1987 .

[25]  D. Wiesenburg,et al.  Influences of river discharge on biological production in the inner shelf : A coupled biological and physical model of the Louisiana-Texas Shelf , 1997 .

[26]  G. Fahnenstiel,et al.  Dynamics of Lake Michigan Phytoplankton: Mechanisms Controlling Epilimnetic Communities , 1987 .

[27]  D. Beletsky,et al.  The 1998 Coastal Turbidity Plume in Lake Michigan , 2000 .

[28]  Wayne S Gardner,et al.  Sediment Trap Studies in Lake Michigan: Resuspension and Chemical Fluxes in the Southern Basin , 1984 .

[29]  C. Hopkinson,et al.  Trophic interactions within pelagic microbial communities: Indications of feedback regulation of carbon flow , 1988, Hydrobiologia.

[30]  Timothy R. Parsons,et al.  Biological Oceanographic Processes , 1973 .

[31]  A. Krause,et al.  The Structure of the Planktonic Food-Web in the St. Lawrence Great Lakes , 1998 .

[32]  H. Ducklow,et al.  A nitrogen-based model of plankton dynamics in the oceanic mixed layer , 1990 .

[33]  G. Paffenhöfer,et al.  Diaptomus vs. net phytoplankton: effects of algal size and morphology on selectivity of a behaviorally flexible, omnivorous copepod , 1988 .

[34]  G. Fahnenstiel,et al.  Influence of Salmonine Predation and Weather on Long-Term Water Quality Trends in Lake Michigan , 1986 .

[35]  A. Brooks,et al.  Biogeochemical control of phosphorus cycling and primary production in Lake Michigan , 1994 .

[36]  A. Rosati,et al.  A Quasi-equilibrium Turbulent Energy Model for Geophysical Flows , 1988 .

[37]  Changsheng Chen,et al.  Influences of physical processes on the ecosystem in Jiaozhou Bay: A coupled physical and biological model experiment , 1999 .

[38]  Jianrong Zhu,et al.  Prognostic modeling studies of the Keweenaw Current in Lake Superior , 2001 .

[39]  G. Mellor,et al.  Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems , 1982 .

[40]  V. J. Bierman,et al.  Modeling of Phytoplankton-Nutrient Dynamics in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron , 1981 .

[41]  E. Stoermer,et al.  The importance of zooplankton‐protozoan trophic couplings in Lake Michigan , 1991 .

[42]  R. Wetzel,et al.  Uptake of dissolved inorganic and organic bphosphorus compounds by phytoplankton and bacterioplankton , 1992 .

[43]  D. Beletsky,et al.  Influences of suspended sediments on the ecosystem in Lake Michigan: a 3-D coupled bio-physical modeling experiment , 2002 .

[44]  R. D. Hamilton,et al.  Observations on the continuous culture of a planktonic phagotrophic protozoan , 1970 .

[45]  E. Stoermer,et al.  Phosphorus enrichment, silica utilization, and biogeochemical silica depletion in the Great Lakes , 1986 .

[46]  T. Johengen,et al.  Temporal and Seasonal Trends in Nutrient Dynamics and Biomass Measures in Lakes Michigan and Ontario in Response to Phosphorus Control , 1994 .