Realtime fusion of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography venography with X-ray fluoroscopy to aid cardiac resynchronisation therapy implantation in patients with persistent left superior vena cava.

Persistent left superior vena cava can lead to significant technical difficulties when implanting a left ventricular (LV) lead for cardiac resynchronisation therapy. We present two cases in which coronary sinus anatomy was reconstructed with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging and fused with live fluoroscopy to facilitate LV lead implantation.