Vision and Aging.

Research on aging and vision has increased dramatically over the past few decades. Changes in our visual capacities in later adulthood have the potential to impact our ability to perform common everyday visual tasks such as recognizing objects, reading, engaging in mobility activities, and driving, thus influencing the quality of our life and well-being. Here, we discuss several common visual problems in older adults that cause performance problems in the visual tasks of everyday living and when exacerbated are related to the development of common eye conditions and diseases of aging.

[1]  M. Rizzo,et al.  Simulated Car Crashes and Crash Predictors in Drivers With Alzheimer Disease , 1997 .

[2]  J. Ambati,et al.  Mechanisms of Age-Related Macular Degeneration , 2012, Neuron.

[3]  R. Hays,et al.  Longitudinal changes in visual acuity and health-related quality of life: the Los Angeles Latino Eye study. , 2010, Ophthalmology.

[4]  P Artal,et al.  Average optical performance of the human eye as a function of age in a normal population. , 1999, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[5]  J. Pratt,et al.  Adult age differences in the time course of inhibition of return. , 2003, The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences.

[6]  P. Artal,et al.  Optical Aberrations and the Aging Eye , 2003, International ophthalmology clinics.

[7]  G S Rubin,et al.  Visual and medical risk factors for motor vehicle collision involvement among older drivers , 2008, British Journal of Ophthalmology.

[8]  D. Roenker,et al.  Age and visual search: expanding the useful field of view. , 1988, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[9]  C. Owsley Aging and vision , 2011, Vision Research.

[10]  H. Gao,et al.  Aging of the human retina. Differential loss of neurons and retinal pigment epithelial cells. , 1992, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[11]  K. Ball,et al.  A Preliminary Assessment of the Medical and Functional Factors Associated with Vehicle Crashes by Older Adults , 1998, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[12]  C. Owsley,et al.  Relationship between visual sensitivity and target localization in older adults , 1995, Vision Research.

[13]  H. Barlow Dark and Light Adaptation: Psychophysics , 1972 .

[14]  J. Birren,et al.  Aging and slowing of behavior: consequences for cognition and survival. , 1991, Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation.

[15]  G. R. Jackson,et al.  Inner retinal visual dysfunction is a sensitive marker of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy , 2011, British Journal of Ophthalmology.

[16]  C. Scialfa,et al.  Age differences in target identification as a function of retinal location and noise level: examination of the useful field of view. , 1987, Psychology and aging.

[17]  M. Yablonski,et al.  Aqueous humor dynamics in the aging human eye. , 1999, American journal of ophthalmology.

[18]  S. Drance,et al.  Studies of dark adaptation of discrete paracentral retinal areas in glaucomatous subjects. , 1967, American journal of ophthalmology.

[19]  Christine A Curcio,et al.  The oil spill in ageing Bruch membrane , 2011, British Journal of Ophthalmology.

[20]  J. Dowling,et al.  VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY AND NIGHT BLINDNESS. , 1958, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[21]  H. Taylor,et al.  The effect of early cataracts on glare and contrast sensitivity. A pilot study. , 1992, Archives of ophthalmology.

[22]  R. Sekuler,et al.  Vision, aging, and driving: the problems of older drivers. , 1992, Journal of gerontology.

[23]  Cynthia Owsley,et al.  Visual dysfunction, neurodegenerative diseases, and aging. , 2003, Neurologic clinics.

[24]  Karen Bandeen-Roche,et al.  A prospective, population-based study of the role of visual impairment in motor vehicle crashes among older drivers: the SEE study. , 2007, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[25]  W. Rushton,et al.  The rhodopsin content and the visual threshold of human rods. , 1972, Vision research.

[26]  Julie A Simpson,et al.  Alcohol consumption and the risk of age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2008, American journal of ophthalmology.

[27]  G. R. Jackson,et al.  Twelve-Month Natural History of Dark Adaptation in Patients with AMD , 2014, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[28]  J. Javitt,et al.  Undertreatment of glaucoma among black Americans. , 1991, The New England journal of medicine.

[29]  David Whitaker,et al.  Neural contribution to spatiotemporal contrast sensitivity decline in healthy ageing eyes , 1990, Vision Research.

[30]  N. Newman,et al.  Congruency in homonymous hemianopia. , 2007, American journal of ophthalmology.

[31]  R. Klein,et al.  Causes and prevalence of visual impairment among adults in the United States. , 2004, Archives of ophthalmology.

[32]  T. Lamb,et al.  Molecular basis of dark adaptation in rod photoreceptors , 1998, Eye.

[33]  S. Zeki,et al.  The Riddoch syndrome: insights into the neurobiology of conscious vision. , 1998, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[34]  Cynthia Owsley,et al.  Useful Field of View Test , 2014, Gerontology.

[35]  Denis G. Pelli,et al.  THE DESIGN OF A NEW LETTER CHART FOR MEASURING CONTRAST SENSITIVITY , 1988 .

[36]  T. Salthouse Relations between cognitive abilities and measures of executive functioning. , 2005, Neuropsychology.

[37]  William Tasman,et al.  Age-related macular degeneration and depression: a review of recent research , 2004, Current opinion in ophthalmology.

[38]  A. R. Morse,et al.  The Association of Health-Related Quality of Life with Severity of Visual Impairment among People Aged 40–64 Years: Findings from the 2006–2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System , 2016, Ophthalmic epidemiology.

[39]  C. Owsley,et al.  A population-based examination of the visual and ophthalmological characteristics of licensed drivers aged 70 and older. , 2013, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[40]  P. Gouras,et al.  Changes in scotopic visibility thresholds with age. , 1963, Archives of ophthalmology.

[41]  Cynthia Owsley,et al.  Cone- and rod-mediated dark adaptation impairment in age-related maculopathy. , 2007, Ophthalmology.

[42]  Christine A. Curcio,et al.  Aging, age-related macular degeneration, and the response-to-retention of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins , 2009, Progress in Retinal and Eye Research.

[43]  P. Jong Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in the United States. , 2004 .

[44]  G. Rubin,et al.  Comparison of acuity, contrast sensitivity, and disability glare before and after cataract surgery. , 1993, Archives of ophthalmology.

[45]  W. Dunlap,et al.  Visual Acuity, Aging, and Environmental Interactions: A Neuroscience Perspective , 1991 .

[46]  Matthew Rizzo,et al.  The Accelerate Study: The Longitudinal Effect of Speed of Processing Training on Cognitive Performance of Older Adults , 2007 .

[47]  J. Marshall,et al.  Hydrodynamics of ageing Bruch's membrane: implications for macular disease. , 1996, Experimental eye research.

[48]  D. Roenker,et al.  Developmental changes in attention and visual search throughout adulthood. , 1990 .

[49]  M. Crossland,et al.  Text Accessibility by People with Reduced Contrast Sensitivity , 2012, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[50]  Cynthia Owsley,et al.  Development of a questionnaire to assess vision problems under low luminance in age-related maculopathy. , 2006, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[51]  Cynthia Owsley Msph,et al.  Association Between Visual Attention and Mobility in Older Adults , 2004 .

[52]  K E Higgins,et al.  Spatial contrast sensitivity. Importance of controlling the patient's visibility criterion. , 1984, Archives of ophthalmology.

[53]  D L Roenker,et al.  The impact of speed of processing training on cognitive and everyday performance , 2005, Aging & mental health.

[54]  Cynthia Owsley,et al.  Aging and dark adaptation , 1999, Vision Research.

[55]  James E. Birren,et al.  Age Changes in Rate and Level of Visual Dark Adaptation , 1950 .

[56]  Saul Sternberg,et al.  The discovery of processing stages: Extensions of Donders' method , 1969 .

[57]  J. Szlyk,et al.  Age-related functional field losses are not eccentricity dependent , 1996, Vision Research.

[58]  D. Pelli,et al.  Measuring contrast sensitivity , 2013, Vision Research.

[59]  S. Lord,et al.  Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in relation to falls in an elderly population. , 1991, Age and ageing.

[60]  N. Congdon,et al.  Impact of age, various forms of cataract, and visual acuity on whole-field scotopic sensitivity screening for glaucoma in rural Taiwan. , 1995, Archives of ophthalmology.

[61]  G. R. Jackson,et al.  Scotopic sensitivity during adulthood , 2000, Vision Research.

[62]  J. Price,et al.  Mild cognitive impairment represents early-stage Alzheimer disease. , 2001, Archives of neurology.

[63]  Cynthia Owsley,et al.  Aging and neural spatial contrast sensitivity: Photopic vision , 1993, Vision Research.

[64]  M E Sloane,et al.  Aging and luminance-adaptation effects on spatial contrast sensitivity. , 1988, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[65]  S. Hecht,et al.  THE INFLUENCE OF LIGHT ADAPTATION ON SUBSEQUENT DARK ADAPTATION OF THE EYE , 1937, The Journal of general physiology.

[66]  Jocelyn Faubert,et al.  Visual perception and aging. , 2002, Canadian journal of experimental psychology = Revue canadienne de psychologie experimentale.

[67]  A F Sanders,et al.  Some aspects of the selective process in the functional visual field. , 1970, Ergonomics.

[68]  Beth T. Stalvey,et al.  Visual risk factors for crash involvement in older drivers with cataract. , 2001, Archives of ophthalmology.

[69]  G. Westheimer,et al.  Visual Acuity and Spatial Modulation Thresholds , 1972 .

[70]  M. Mcmurdo,et al.  Dark adaptation and falls in the elderly. , 1991, Gerontology.

[71]  A. Hildreth,et al.  Recovery of visual and functional disability following cataract surgery in older people: Sunderland Cataract Study , 2006, Journal of cataract and refractive surgery.

[72]  M Alpern,et al.  Rhodopsin kinetics in the human eye , 1971, The Journal of physiology.

[73]  Richard G. Domey,et al.  Dark Adaptation as a Function of Age: I. A Statistical Analysis , 1960 .

[74]  J. F. Sturr,et al.  Psychophysical Evidence for Losses in Rod Sensitivity in the Aging Visual System , 1997, Vision Research.

[75]  T. Salthouse The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. , 1996, Psychological review.

[76]  Karlene K Ball,et al.  The useful field of view test: normative data for older adults. , 2006, Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists.

[77]  K. Ball,et al.  Vision impairment, eye disease, and injurious motor vehicle crashes in the elderly. , 1998, Ophthalmic epidemiology.

[78]  J L Semmlow,et al.  Age-related changes in human ciliary muscle and lens: a magnetic resonance imaging study. , 1999, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[79]  R. Reitan The relation of the trail making test to organic brain damage. , 1955, Journal of consulting psychology.

[80]  S. Studenski,et al.  The relation between impairments and functional outcomes poststroke. , 2000, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[81]  K. Balaskas,et al.  Psychological impact of anti-VEGF treatments for wet macular degeneration—a review , 2016, Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology.

[82]  Thomas Songer,et al.  Risk factors for motor vehicle crashes in older women. , 2002, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[83]  A. Heijl,et al.  Visual fields at different stages of diabetic retinopathy , 1994, Acta ophthalmologica.

[84]  J. Norman Two visual systems and two theories of perception: An attempt to reconcile the constructivist and ecological approaches. , 2001, The Behavioral and brain sciences.

[85]  Mitsuo Ikeda,et al.  Influence of foveal load on the functional visual field , 1975 .

[86]  John D. Lee,et al.  Visual Search for Features and Conjunctions Following Declines in the Useful Field of View , 2012, Experimental aging research.

[87]  Cynthia Owsley,et al.  Aging and scotopic sensitivity , 1998, Vision Research.

[88]  C. Victor,et al.  Psychosocial impact of visual impairment in working-age adults , 2009, British Journal of Ophthalmology.

[89]  L Goldman,et al.  Improved visual function and attenuation of declines in health-related quality of life after cataract extraction. , 1994, Archives of ophthalmology.

[90]  B. Reisberg,et al.  Mild cognitive impairment in the elderly , 1991, Neurology.

[91]  B. Rassow,et al.  Neural contrast sensitivity measurements with a laser interference system for clinical and screening application. , 1981, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[92]  G. R. Jackson,et al.  Delayed Rod-Mediated Dark Adaptation Is a Functional Biomarker for Incident Early Age-Related Macular Degeneration. , 2016, Ophthalmology.

[93]  D. Steven Relation Between Dark Adaptation and Age , 1946, Nature.

[94]  James R. Bergen,et al.  Parallel versus serial processing in rapid pattern discrimination , 1983, Nature.

[95]  C. Owsley,et al.  Frequent Falling and Motor Vehicle Collision Involvement of Older Drivers , 2014, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[96]  C. Phelps,et al.  The normal visual field on the Humphrey field analyzer. , 1986, Ophthalmologica. Journal international d'ophtalmologie. International journal of ophthalmology. Zeitschrift fur Augenheilkunde.

[97]  C. Drury,et al.  The Effect of Area, Density, and Number of Background Characters on Visual Search , 1978, Human factors.

[98]  Beth T. Stalvey,et al.  Older drivers and cataract: driving habits and crash risk. , 1999, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[99]  C. Curcio,et al.  Aging of the human photoreceptor mosaic: evidence for selective vulnerability of rods in central retina. , 1993, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[100]  E. Midena,et al.  Macular function impairment in eyes with early age-related macular degeneration. , 1997, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[101]  T. Salthouse What and When of Cognitive Aging , 2004 .

[102]  J. Werner,et al.  The area of complete scotopic spatial summation enlarges with age. , 1998, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[103]  K E Higgins,et al.  Spatial contrast sensitivity: effects of age, test-retest, and psychophysical method. , 1988, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[104]  H. Menz,et al.  Visual contribution to postural stability in older adults , 2000 .

[105]  R. Weale,et al.  The variation with age of the spectral transmissivity of the living human crystalline lens. , 1959, Gerontologia.

[106]  J. Jonas,et al.  Dark adaptation in glaucomatous and nonglaucomatous optic nerve atrophy , 2004, Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology.

[107]  J E Keunen,et al.  Rod densitometry in the aging human eye. , 1991, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[108]  Beatriz Munoz,et al.  Driving cessation and driving limitation in glaucoma: the Salisbury Eye Evaluation Project. , 2009, Ophthalmology.

[109]  C. Owsley,et al.  Aging, senile miosis and spatial contrast sensitivity at low luminance , 1988, Vision Research.

[110]  R. Klein,et al.  The Beaver Dam Eye Study: visual acuity. , 1991, Ophthalmology.

[111]  F. L. Engel Visual conspicuity, visual search and fixation tendencies of the eye , 1977, Vision Research.

[112]  J. Wood,et al.  Bilateral cataract surgery and driving performance , 2006, British Journal of Ophthalmology.

[113]  Kathrin I Hartmann,et al.  SCANNING LASER OPHTHALMOSCOPE IMAGING STABILIZED MICROPERIMETRY IN DRY AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION , 2011, Retina.

[114]  P. D. Spear,et al.  Neural bases of visual deficits during aging , 1993, Vision Research.

[115]  B. Julesz,et al.  Early visual perception. , 1981, Annual review of psychology.

[116]  P. Lennie,et al.  Visual Impairments: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits , 2002 .

[117]  R. L. de Valois,et al.  Psychophysical studies of monkey vision. 3. Spatial luminance contrast sensitivity tests of macaque and human observers. , 1974, Vision research.

[118]  J. Wood,et al.  Association between Glaucoma and At-fault Motor Vehicle Collision Involvement among Older Drivers: A Population-based Study. , 2016, Ophthalmology.

[119]  E. L. Kean,et al.  The rhodopsin content of the human eye. , 1988, Current eye research.

[120]  T. Aslam,et al.  Evaluating patient discomfort, anxiety, and fear before and after ranibizumab intravitreous injection for wet age-related macular degeneration. , 2009, Archives of ophthalmology.

[121]  David J Lee,et al.  Visual acuity impairment and mortality in US adults. , 2002, Archives of ophthalmology.

[122]  F. Camacho,et al.  Medication-related predictors of health-related quality of life in glaucoma patients enrolled in a medicare health maintenance organization. , 2003, The American journal of geriatric pharmacotherapy.

[123]  W J Hoyer,et al.  Adult age differences in visual search as a function of stimulus mapping and processing load. , 1981, Journal of gerontology.

[124]  S. Schuett,et al.  The rehabilitation of hemianopic dyslexia , 2009, Nature Reviews Neurology.

[125]  R. Sekuler,et al.  Visual localization: age and practice. , 1986, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[126]  A. Bird,et al.  Aging changes in Bruch's membrane. A histochemical and morphologic study. , 1990, Ophthalmology.

[127]  Kathrin Finke,et al.  Staged decline of visual processing capacity in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease , 2011, Neurobiology of Aging.

[128]  A. Treisman,et al.  A feature-integration theory of attention , 1980, Cognitive Psychology.

[129]  M. C. Leske,et al.  Prevalence of open-angle glaucoma among adults in the United States. , 2004, Archives of ophthalmology.

[130]  J. Saaddine,et al.  Health-Related Quality of Life Among People Aged ≥65 Years with Self-reported Visual Impairment: Findings from the 2006–2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System , 2014, Ophthalmic epidemiology.

[131]  S. Kedar,et al.  Visual fields in neuro-ophthalmology , 2011, Indian journal of ophthalmology.

[132]  Ann L. Albright,et al.  Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in the United States, 2005-2008. , 2010, JAMA.

[133]  S. MacDonald,et al.  Performance variability is related to change in cognition: evidence from the Victoria Longitudinal Study. , 2003, Psychology and aging.

[134]  D. Kline,et al.  Age, the eye, and the visual channels: contrast sensitivity and response speed. , 1983, Journal of gerontology.

[135]  J Flammer,et al.  Influence of age on the visual fields of normal subjects. , 1986, American journal of ophthalmology.

[136]  A. Arditi Improving the design of the letter contrast sensitivity test. , 2005, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[137]  D. J. Felleman,et al.  Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex. , 1991, Cerebral cortex.

[138]  L. Ayton,et al.  Relationship between retinal microstructures on optical coherence tomography and microperimetry in age-related macular degeneration. , 2014, Ophthalmology.

[139]  A J Adams,et al.  Evidence for a neural basis of age-related visual field loss in normal observers. , 1989, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[140]  G. Robertson,et al.  Effect of age upon dark adaptation , 1944, The Journal of physiology.

[141]  V C Smith,et al.  Aging of the human lens. , 1987, Applied optics.

[142]  G. R. Jackson,et al.  Multimodal characterization of proliferative diabetic retinopathy reveals alterations in outer retinal function and structure. , 2015, Ophthalmology.

[143]  C. Curcio,et al.  Retinal ganglion cells in Alzheimer's disease and aging , 1993, Annals of neurology.

[144]  W. Green,et al.  Bruch's membrane age-related changes vary by region. , 1987, Current eye research.

[145]  W. Stark,et al.  Photoreceptor recovery in retinoid-deprived rats after vitamin A replenishment. , 1993, Experimental Eye Research.

[146]  G. Lennerstrand,et al.  AGE VARIATIONS IN NORMAL HUMAN CONTRAST SENSITIVITY , 1979, Acta ophthalmologica.

[147]  K. Turano,et al.  Visual stabilization of posture in persons with central visual field loss. , 1996, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[148]  G. R. Jackson,et al.  Comparison of Visual Function in Older Eyes in the Earliest Stages of Age-related Macular Degeneration to Those in Normal Macular Health , 2016, Current eye research.

[149]  C Owsley,et al.  Identifying the content area for the 51-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire: results from focus groups with visually impaired persons. , 1998, Archives of ophthalmology.

[150]  D Whitaker,et al.  Contrast sensitivity and glare sensitivity changes with three types of cataract morphology: are these techniques necessary in a clinical evaluation of cataract? , 1989, Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians.

[151]  Gayla M. Cissell,et al.  Can High‐Risk Older Drivers Be Identified Through Performance‐Based Measures in a Department of Motor Vehicles Setting? , 2006, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[152]  Karlene K Ball,et al.  What predicts changes in useful field of view test performance? , 2008, Psychology and aging.

[153]  C. Johnson Psychophysical measurement of glaucomatous damage. , 2001, Survey of ophthalmology.

[154]  T. Salthouse Mediation of Adult Age Differences in Cognition by Reductions in Working Memory and Speed of Processing , 1991 .

[155]  J. Werner,et al.  Scotopic spatiotemporal sensitivity differences between young and old adults , 2010, Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians.

[156]  Andrew J. Zele,et al.  Measuring rod and cone dynamics in age-related maculopathy. , 2008, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[157]  Emilio C. Campos,et al.  The Accupational Visual Field: II. Practical Aspects: The functional Visual Field in Abnormal Conditions and Its Relationship to Visual Ergonomics, Visual Impairment and Job Fitness , 1985 .

[158]  G S Rubin,et al.  A comprehensive assessment of visual impairment in a population of older Americans. The SEE Study. Salisbury Eye Evaluation Project. , 1997, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[159]  J Katz,et al.  Blindness and visual impairment in an American urban population. The Baltimore Eye Survey. , 1990, Archives of ophthalmology.

[160]  H. W. Leibowitz,et al.  Radial Localization of a Single Stimulus as a Function of Luminance and Duration of Exposure , 1955 .

[161]  K. Ball,et al.  Visual attention problems as a predictor of vehicle crashes in older drivers. , 1993, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[162]  Beth T. Stalvey,et al.  Timed Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Tasks: Relationship to Visual Function in Older Adults , 2001, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[163]  A C Bird,et al.  Bruch's membrane change with age. , 1992, The British journal of ophthalmology.

[164]  G. Legge,et al.  Development of a Reading Accessibility Index Using the MNREAD Acuity Chart. , 2016, JAMA ophthalmology.

[165]  P. Mitchell,et al.  Clinical risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis , 2010, BMC ophthalmology.

[166]  Cynthia Owsley,et al.  Visual processing speed , 2013, Vision Research.

[167]  L J Williams,et al.  Cognitive Load and the Functional Field of View , 1982, Human factors.

[168]  J R Bloomfield,et al.  Visual Search in Complex Fields: Size Differences between Target Disc and Surrounding Discs , 1972, Human factors.

[169]  J. Zihl Eye movement patterns in hemianopic dyslexia. , 1995, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[170]  P. Bennett,et al.  Effects of aging on the useful field of view. , 2000, Experimental aging research.

[171]  R. Klein,et al.  Projection of diabetic retinopathy and other major eye diseases among people with diabetes mellitus: United States, 2005-2050. , 2008, Archives of ophthalmology.

[172]  S. Cummings,et al.  Risk factors for hip fracture in white women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. , 1995, The New England journal of medicine.

[173]  D L Patrick,et al.  Seven chronic conditions: their impact on US adults' activity levels and use of medical services. , 1995, American journal of public health.

[174]  Cynthia Owsley,et al.  The Life Space Questionnaire: A Measure of the Extent of Mobility of Older Adults , 1999 .

[175]  J. Werner,et al.  Senescent changes in scotopic contrast sensitivity , 1999, Vision Research.

[176]  F. V. van Kuijk,et al.  Spectrophotometric quantitation of rhodopsin in the human retina. , 1991, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[177]  G. R. Jackson,et al.  Aging and Spatial Localization during Feature Search , 2000, Gerontology.

[178]  R. Weale Senescent vision: Is it all the fault of the lens? , 1987, Eye.

[179]  Roberta McKean-Cowdin,et al.  Severity of visual field loss and health-related quality of life. , 2007, American journal of ophthalmology.

[180]  J Cerella,et al.  Age-related decline in extrafoveal letter perception. , 1985, Journal of gerontology.

[181]  C. M. Kemp,et al.  Rhodopsin levels and retinal function in cats during recovery from vitamin A deficiency. , 1989, Experimental eye research.

[182]  Paul Mitchell,et al.  Visual impairment and nursing home placement in older Australians: the Blue Mountains Eye Study , 2003, Ophthalmic epidemiology.

[183]  Karlene K Ball,et al.  Association of Physical Activity and Visual Attention in Older Adults , 2003, Journal of aging and health.

[184]  H. Taylor,et al.  Vision impairment predicts 5 year mortality , 2001, The British journal of ophthalmology.

[185]  M. Sloane,et al.  Visual processing impairment and risk of motor vehicle crash among older adults. , 1998, JAMA.

[186]  George W Rebok,et al.  Effects of cognitive training interventions with older adults: a randomized controlled trial. , 2002, JAMA.

[187]  T. Lamb,et al.  Dark adaptation and the retinoid cycle of vision , 2004, Progress in Retinal and Eye Research.

[188]  C. Burgoyne A biomechanical paradigm for axonal insult within the optic nerve head in aging and glaucoma. , 2011, Experimental eye research.

[189]  K. Ball,et al.  Exploratory study of incident vehicle crashes among older drivers. , 2000, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[190]  S. Azen,et al.  The impact of visual impairment on self-reported visual functioning in Latinos: The Los Angeles Latino Eye Study. , 2004, Ophthalmology.

[191]  J. Werner,et al.  Light, vision, and aging. , 1990, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[192]  L Frisén,et al.  CONTRAST SENSITIVITY IN MACULAR DISEASE , 1977, Acta ophthalmologica.

[193]  Karlene K. Ball,et al.  Reliability and Validity of Useful Field of View Test Scores as Administered by Personal Computer , 2005, Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology.

[194]  Haitao Li,et al.  Vision-related quality of life: 12-month aflibercept treatment in patients with treatment-resistant neovascular age-related macular degeneration , 2017, Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology.

[195]  C. Curcio,et al.  Accumulation of cholesterol with age in human Bruch's membrane. , 2001, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[196]  Association Between C-Reactive Protein and Age-Related Macular Degeneration , 2004 .

[197]  F. Kayazawa,et al.  Clinical Measurement of Contrast Sensitivity Function Using Laser Generated Sinusoidal Grating , 1981 .

[198]  John S. Werner,et al.  Evidence against age-related enlargements of ganglion cell receptive field centers under scotopic conditions , 2004, Vision Research.

[199]  R. Ratcliff,et al.  The effects of aging on reaction time in a signal detection task. , 2001, Psychology and aging.

[200]  R. A. Weale,et al.  Aging and vision , 1986, Vision Research.

[201]  C. Owsley,et al.  Association Between Visual Attention and Mobility in Older Adults , 2004, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[202]  Takao Suzuki,et al.  Relationship between dual‐task performance and neurocognitive measures in older adults with mild cognitive impairment , 2013, Geriatrics & gerontology international.

[203]  Cynthia Owsley,et al.  Timed Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Tasks: Relationship to Cognitive Function and Everyday Performance Assessments in Older Adults , 2002, Gerontology.

[204]  G E Legge,et al.  Psychophysics of reading--X. Effects of age-related changes in vision. , 1991, Journal of gerontology.

[205]  Matthew Rizzo,et al.  Impaired attentional disengagement in older adults with useful field of view decline. , 2012, The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences.

[206]  Beatriz Muñoz,et al.  Measures of visual function and their association with driving modification in older adults. , 2006, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[207]  M. Ellersieck,et al.  Age-related changes in the ultrastructure of Bruch's membrane. , 1985, American journal of ophthalmology.

[208]  A. Hofman,et al.  Prevalence and causes of visual field loss in the elderly and associations with impairment in daily functioning: the Rotterdam Study. , 2001, Archives of ophthalmology.

[209]  A. Bird,et al.  Symptomatic abnormalities of dark adaptation in patients with age-related Bruch's membrane change. , 1993, The British journal of ophthalmology.

[210]  M. Campbell,et al.  Presbyopia and the optical changes in the human crystalline lens with age , 1998, Vision Research.

[211]  U. Tulunay-Keesey,et al.  Threshold and suprathreshold spatiotemporal response throughout adulthood. , 1988, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[212]  S M Drance,et al.  Studies on the effects of age on the central and peripheral isopters of the visual field in normal subjects. , 1967, American journal of ophthalmology.

[213]  R. Sekuler,et al.  Visual changes in daily life throughout adulthood. , 1988, Journal of gerontology.

[214]  C Owsley,et al.  Psychophysical evidence for rod vulnerability in age-related macular degeneration. , 2000, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[215]  A. Alm,et al.  Cost-effectiveness analysis in glaucoma: what drives utility? Results from a pilot study in Sweden. , 2006, Acta ophthalmologica Scandinavica.

[216]  C. M. Kemp,et al.  Visual function and rhodopsin levels in humans with vitamin A deficiency. , 1988, Experimental eye research.

[217]  Cynthia Owsley,et al.  Photoreceptor degeneration and dysfunction in aging and age-related maculopathy , 2002, Ageing Research Reviews.

[218]  Ronald Klein,et al.  Associations of visual function with physical outcomes and limitations 5 years later in an older population: the Beaver Dam eye study. , 2003, Ophthalmology.

[219]  K. Anstey,et al.  Cross-sectional and longitudinal patterns of dedifferentiation in late-life cognitive and sensory function: the effects of age, ability, attrition, and occasion of measurement. , 2003, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[220]  N. Newman,et al.  Homonymous hemianopias , 2006, Neurology.

[221]  B. Drum,et al.  Scotopic sensitivity loss in glaucoma. , 1986, Archives of ophthalmology.

[222]  P Artal,et al.  Effects of aging in retinal image quality. , 1993, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[223]  G. R. Jackson,et al.  Delays in rod-mediated dark adaptation in early age-related maculopathy. , 2001, Ophthalmology.

[224]  R. Sekuler,et al.  Contrast sensitivity throughout adulthood , 1982, Vision Research.

[225]  Cynthia Owsley,et al.  Impact of cataract surgery on motor vehicle crash involvement by older adults. , 2002, JAMA.

[226]  R. Ratcliff,et al.  Explicitly modeling the effects of aging on response time , 2000, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[227]  G. R. Jackson,et al.  Associations between abnormal rod-mediated dark adaptation and health and functioning in older adults with normal macular health. , 2014, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[228]  Cynthia Owsley,et al.  Effect of short-term, high-dose retinol on dark adaptation in aging and early age-related maculopathy. , 2006, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[229]  P. Rabbitt,et al.  AN AGE-DECREMENT IN THE ABILITY TO IGNORE IRRELEVANT INFORMATION. , 1965, Journal of gerontology.

[230]  Ivana K. Kim,et al.  Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of dark adaptometry for detection of age-related macular degeneration. , 2014, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[231]  S. Kedar,et al.  Prognosis and Treatment of Visual Field Defects , 2015, Seminars in Neurology.