The western diet and lifestyle and diseases of civilization

Correspondence: Pedro Carrera-Bastos R. Gorgel do Amaral, No. 5, 1 e; Lisbon 1250-119, Portugal Tel +351 967 088 799 email pedro.carrera_bastos@med.lu.se Abstract: It is increasingly recognized that certain fundamental changes in diet and lifestyle that occurred after the Neolithic Revolution, and especially after the Industrial Revolution and the Modern Age, are too recent, on an evolutionary time scale, for the human genome to have completely adapted. This mismatch between our ancient physiology and the western diet and lifestyle underlies many so-called diseases of civilization, including coronary heart disease, obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, epithelial cell cancers, autoimmune disease, and osteoporosis, which are rare or virtually absent in hunter–gatherers and other non-westernized populations. It is therefore proposed that the adoption of diet and lifestyle that mimic the beneficial characteristics of the preagricultural environment is an effective strategy to reduce the risk of chronic degenerative diseases.

[1]  Tsun-Min Wu.  Food and Western Disease: Health and Nutrition from an Evolutionary Perspective , 2011 .

[2]  John M. Davis,et al.  n-6 Fatty acid-specific and mixed polyunsaturate dietary interventions have different effects on CHD risk: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials , 2010, British Journal of Nutrition.

[3]  A. Astrup,et al.  Diets with high or low protein content and glycemic index for weight-loss maintenance. , 2010, The New England journal of medicine.

[4]  C. Serhan.  Novel lipid mediators and resolution mechanisms in acute inflammation: to resolve or not? , 2010, The American journal of pathology.

[5]  A. Sebastian,et al.  Latitude, local ecology, and hunter-gatherer dietary acid load: implications from evolutionary ecology. , 2010, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[6]  J. Pritchard.  How we are evolving. , 2010, Scientific American.

[7]  S. Eaton,et al.  Estimated macronutrient and fatty acid intakes from an East African Paleolithic diet , 2010, British Journal of Nutrition.

[8]  R. Wayne.  Faculty Opinions recommendation of Colloquium paper: human adaptations to diet, subsistence, and ecoregion are due to subtle shifts in allele frequency. , 2010 .

[9]  W. Harris.  The Omega-3 Index: Clinical Utility for Therapeutic Intervention , 2010, Current cardiology reports.

[10]  F. Hu,et al.  Saturated Fatty Acids and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: Modulation by Replacement Nutrients , 2010, Current atherosclerosis reports.

[11]  F. Booth,et al.  The future: genes, physical activity and health , 2010, Acta physiologica.

[12]  G. Perry,et al.  Evolutionary adaptations to dietary changes. , 2010, Annual review of nutrition.

[13]  N. Lambert,et al.  Blockade of Dendritic Cell Development by Bacterial Fermentation Products Butyrate and Propionate through a Transporter (Slc5a8)-dependent Inhibition of Histone Deacetylases , 2010, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[14]  Asan,et al.  Sequencing of 50 Human Exomes Reveals Adaptation to High Altitude , 2010, Science.

[15]  J. Söderholm,et al.  Enhanced translocation of bacteria across metabolically stressed epithelia is reduced by butyrate† , 2010, Inflammatory bowel diseases.

[16]  C. Sonnenschein,et al.  Environmental causes of cancer: endocrine disruptors as carcinogens , 2010, Nature Reviews Endocrinology.

[17]  P. Sarafidis,et al.  Beneficial effects of oral magnesium supplementation on insulin sensitivity and serum lipid profile. , 2010, Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research.

[18]  C. Dethlefsen,et al.  Intake of carbohydrates compared with intake of saturated fatty acids and risk of myocardial infarction: importance of the glycemic index. , 2010, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[19]  G. Striker,et al.  Advanced glycation end products in foods and a practical guide to their reduction in the diet. , 2010, Journal of the American Dietetic Association.

[20]  Philip L. F. Johnson,et al.  A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome , 2010, Science.

[21]  S. Cunnane,et al.  Human Brain Evolution : The Influence of Freshwater and Marine Food Resources , 2010 .

[22]  J. Henrich,et al.  Gene-culture coevolution in the age of genomics , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[23]  R. Kuipers,et al.  Lessons from Shore‐based Hunter‐Gatherer Diets in East Africa , 2010 .

[24]  L. Serra-Majem,et al.  Associations between lactase persistence and the metabolic syndrome in a cross-sectional study in the Canary Islands , 2010, European journal of nutrition.

[25]  P. Dandona,et al.  Orange juice neutralizes the proinflammatory effect of a high-fat, high-carbohydrate meal and prevents endotoxin increase and Toll-like receptor expression. , 2010, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[26]  G. Rook.  99th Dahlem Conference on Infection, Inflammation and Chronic Inflammatory Disorders: Darwinian medicine and the ‘hygiene’ or ‘old friends’ hypothesis , 2010, Clinical and experimental immunology.

[27]  R. Bucala,et al.  Immunological detection of fructose-derived advanced glycation end-products , 2010, Laboratory Investigation.

[28]  A. Rosanoff,et al.  Magnesium supplements may enhance the effect of antihypertensive medications in stage 1 hypertensive subjects. , 2010, Magnesium research.

[29]  F. Hu,et al.  Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease. , 2010, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[30]  S. Tishkoff,et al.  The Evolution of Human Genetic and Phenotypic Variation in Africa , 2010, Current Biology.

[31]  Russell Keast,et al.  Biological Activities of Phenolic Compounds Present in Virgin Olive Oil , 2010, International journal of molecular sciences.

[32]  P. Calder.  The 2008 ESPEN Sir David Cuthbertson Lecture: Fatty acids and inflammation--from the membrane to the nucleus and from the laboratory bench to the clinic. , 2010, Clinical nutrition.

[33]  T. Wolever,et al.  The fermentable fibre inulin increases postprandial serum short-chain fatty acids and reduces free-fatty acids and ghrelin in healthy subjects. , 2010, Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme.

[34]  David Melzer,et al.  Association of Urinary Bisphenol A Concentration with Heart Disease: Evidence from NHANES 2003/06 , 2010, PloS one.

[35]  J. Friedman,et al.  Differential Effects of Cream, Glucose, and Orange Juice on Inflammation, Endotoxin, and the Expression of Toll-Like Receptor-4 and Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling-3 , 2010, Diabetes Care.

[36]  F. Muskiet.  Pathophysiology and Evolutionary Aspects of Dietary Fats and Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids across the Life Cycle , 2010 .

[37]  H. Kolb,et al.  The global diabetes epidemic as a consequence of lifestyle-induced low-grade inflammation , 2010, Diabetologia.

[38]  D. Panagiotakos,et al.  The causal relationship between passive smoking and inflammation on the development of cardiovascular disease: a review of the evidence. , 2009, Inflammation & allergy drug targets.

[39]  P. Sarafidis,et al.  Oral magnesium supplementation reduces ambulatory blood pressure in patients with mild hypertension. , 2009, American journal of hypertension.

[40]  G. Schmitz,et al.  Role of insulin, insulin‐like growth factor‐1, hyperglycaemic food and milk consumption in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris , 2009, Experimental dermatology.

[41]  B. Ames,et al.  Vitamin K, an example of triage theory: is micronutrient inadequacy linked to diseases of aging? , 2009, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[42]  J. Fernández-Real,et al.  Increase in Plasma Endotoxin Concentrations and the Expression of Toll-Like Receptors and Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling-3 in Mononuclear Cells After a High-Fat, High-Carbohydrate Meal , 2009, Diabetes Care.

[43]  U. de Faire,et al.  Natural Antibodies against Phosphorylcholine in Cardiovascular Disease , 2009, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[44]  Ian R. Holzman,et al.  Butyrate enhances the intestinal barrier by facilitating tight junction assembly via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in Caco-2 cell monolayers. , 2009, The Journal of nutrition.

[45]  J. Witteman,et al.  A high menaquinone intake reduces the incidence of coronary heart disease. , 2009, Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD.

[46]  N. Jablonski,et al.  Vitamin D and the evolution of human depigmentation. , 2009, American journal of physical anthropology.

[47]  M. Westerterp-Plantenga,et al.  Dietary protein, weight loss, and weight maintenance. , 2009, Annual review of nutrition.

[48]  S. Lindeberg,et al.  Beneficial effects of a Paleolithic diet on cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: a randomized cross-over pilot study , 2009, Cardiovascular diabetology.

[49]  M. Lorgeril,et al.  Dietary fat quality and coronary heart disease prevention: A unified theory based on evolutionary, historical, global, and modern perspectives , 2009, Current treatment options in cardiovascular medicine.

[50]  Simin Liu,et al.  Effects of Glycemic Load on Metabolic Health and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus , 2009, Journal of diabetes science and technology.

[51]  B. Melnik.  Milk--the promoter of chronic Western diseases. , 2009, Medical hypotheses.

[52]  I. Quesada,et al.  The pancreatic β-cell as a target of estrogens and xenoestrogens: Implications for blood glucose homeostasis and diabetes , 2009, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology.

[53]  F. Grün,et al.  Endocrine disrupters as obesogens , 2009, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology.

[54]  H. S. Ferreira,et al.  Effects of Dietary Coconut Oil on the Biochemical and Anthropometric Profiles of Women Presenting Abdominal Obesity , 2009, Lipids.

[55]  P. M. Krueger,et al.  Sleep duration in the United States: a cross-sectional population-based study. , 2009, American journal of epidemiology.

[56]  T. Veenstra,et al.  Quantitative measurement of endogenous estrogen metabolites, risk-factors for development of breast cancer, in commercial milk products by LC-MS/MS. , 2009, Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences.

[57]  Jeroen Visser,et al.  Tight Junctions, Intestinal Permeability, and Autoimmunity , 2009, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[58]  L. Johnson,et al.  Dietary protein and calcium interact to influence calcium retention: a controlled feeding study. , 2009, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[59]  W. Maziak.  Point-counterpoint. The triumph of the null hypothesis: epidemiology in an age of change. , 2009, International journal of epidemiology.

[60]  L. García-Diz,et al.  Influence of cooking methods on antioxidant activity of vegetables. , 2009, Journal of food science.

[61]  D. Grobbee,et al.  High dietary menaquinone intake is associated with reduced coronary calcification. , 2009, Atherosclerosis.

[62]  K. Spiegel,et al.  Reduced sleep duration or quality: relationships with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. , 2009, Progress in cardiovascular diseases.

[63]  M. Allman-Farinelli,et al.  Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Thrombogenesis , 2009, Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis.

[64]  T. Nakagawa,et al.  Hypothesis: could excessive fructose intake and uric acid cause type 2 diabetes? , 2009, Endocrine reviews.

[65]  W. Danby.  Acne, dairy and cancer , 2009 .

[66]  J. Hibbeln,et al.  Letter to the Editor re: Linoleic acid and coronary heart disease. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids (2008), by W.S. Harris. , 2009, Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids.

[67]  B. Ainsworth,et al.  The Building Healthy Lifestyles Conference: Modifying Lifestyles to Enhance Physical Activity, Diet, and Reduce Cardiovascular Disease. , 2009, American journal of lifestyle medicine.

[68]  F. Danby.  Acne, dairy and cancer: The 5alpha-P link. , 2009, Dermato-endocrinology.

[69]  T. Sandström,et al.  Adverse cardiovascular effects of air pollution , 2009, Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine.

[70]  M. Hanson,et al.  Early life nutrition and lifelong health , 2009 .

[71]  H. Orimo,et al.  Epidemiology of hip fracture in Japan: incidence and risk factors , 2009, Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism.

[72]  R. Morris,et al.  Metabolic and physiologic improvements from consuming a paleolithic, hunter-gatherer type diet , 2009, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[73]  Serafim Batzoglou,et al.  A serial founder effect model for human settlement out of Africa , 2009, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[74]  J. O’Keefe,et al.  Vitamin D deficiency an important, common, and easily treatable cardiovascular risk factor? , 2008, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[75]  R. Louchini,et al.  Cancer incidence and mortality among Aboriginal people living on reserves and northern villages in Quebec, 1988–2004 , 2008, International journal of circumpolar health.

[76]  D. Hajjar,et al.  Inflammation at the molecular interface of atherogenesis: an anthropological journey. , 2008, The American journal of pathology.

[77]  Paul R Poulton,et al.  Evidence of decreasing mineral density in wheat grain over the last 160 years. , 2008, Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements.

[78]  Robert B Wallace,et al.  Association of urinary bisphenol A concentration with medical disorders and laboratory abnormalities in adults. , 2008, JAMA.

[79]  S. Phinney,et al.  Dietary carbohydrate restriction induces a unique metabolic state positively affecting atherogenic dyslipidemia, fatty acid partitioning, and metabolic syndrome. , 2008, Progress in lipid research.

[80]  Ali Keshavarzian,et al.  Alcohol, intestinal bacterial growth, intestinal permeability to endotoxin, and medical consequences: summary of a symposium. , 2008, Alcohol.

[81]  T. Pollard,et al.  Western Diseases: An Evolutionary Perspective , 2008 .

[82]  S. McCall,et al.  Fructose consumption as a risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. , 2008, Journal of hepatology.

[83]  R. Bibiloni,et al.  Changes in Gut Microbiota Control Metabolic Endotoxemia-Induced Inflammation in High-Fat Diet–Induced Obesity and Diabetes in Mice , 2008, Diabetes.

[84]  J. Basora,et al.  Effect of two doses of a mixture of soluble fibres on body weight and metabolic variables in overweight or obese patients: a randomised trial , 2008, British Journal of Nutrition.

[85]  M. Peppa,et al.  Advanced glycation end products and cardiovascular disease. , 2008, Current diabetes reviews.

[86]  A. Koochek,et al.  Effects of a short-term intervention with a paleolithic diet in healthy volunteers , 2008, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[87]  Daniel Falush,et al.  Inferring Human Colonization History Using a Copying Model , 2008, PLoS genetics.

[88]  C. Matouk,et al.  Epigenetic Regulation of Vascular Endothelial Gene Expression , 2008, Circulation research.

[89]  K. Cashman.  Altered bone metabolism in inflammatory disease: role for nutrition , 2008, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society.

[90]  B. Ringertz,et al.  Gluten-free vegan diet induces decreased LDL and oxidized LDL levels and raised atheroprotective natural antibodies against phosphorylcholine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized study , 2008, Arthritis research & therapy.

[91]  D. Loskutoff,et al.  Contribution of leptin receptor N-linked glycans to leptin binding. , 2008, The Biochemical journal.

[92]  P. Mitchell,et al.  Glycemic index, glycemic load, and chronic disease risk--a meta-analysis of observational studies. , 2008, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[93]  H. Tilg,et al.  Inflammatory Mechanisms in the Regulation of Insulin Resistance , 2008, Molecular medicine.

[94]  Zachary A. Szpiech,et al.  Genotype, haplotype and copy-number variation in worldwide human populations , 2008, Nature.

[95]  Kristin P Jenkins,et al.  Evolutionary Medicine: A Powerful Tool for Improving Human Health , 2008, Evolution: Education and Outreach.

[96]  T. Kirkwood.  Understanding ageing from an evolutionary perspective , 2008, Journal of internal medicine.

[97]  David B. Witonsky,et al.  Adaptations to Climate in Candidate Genes for Common Metabolic Disorders , 2008, PLoS genetics.

[98]  K. Kankova,et al.  Diabetic threesome (hyperglycaemia, renal function and nutrition) and advanced glycation end products: evidence for the multiple-hit agent? , 2008, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society.

[99]  S. Stearns.  Evolution in Health and Disease , 2008 .

[100]  W. Leonard.  Lifestyle, diet, and disease: Comparative perspectives on the determinants of chronic health risks , 2008 .

[101]  D. Schuppan,et al.  In Vitro Differentiation of Human Monocytes into Dendritic Cells by Peptic–Tryptic Digest of Gliadin Is Independent of Genetic Predisposition and the Presence of Celiac Disease , 2008, Journal of Clinical Immunology.

[102]  Mark G. Thomas,et al.  Lactose digestion and the evolutionary genetics of lactase persistence , 2008, Human Genetics.

[103]  Robert K. Moyzis,et al.  Recent acceleration of human adaptive evolution , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[104]  D. Webb,et al.  A high-fat meal induces low-grade endotoxemia: evidence of a novel mechanism of postprandial inflammation. , 2007, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[105]  Catherine H. Yu,et al.  Type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in aboriginal populations: a global perspective. , 2007, Diabetes research and clinical practice.

[106]  H. Pedersen,et al.  Traditional and modern Greenlandic food - dietary composition, nutrients and contaminants. , 2007, The Science of the total environment.

[107]  R. de Caterina,et al.  Vasculoprotective potential of olive oil components. , 2007, Molecular nutrition & food research.

[108]  Takahiko Nakagawa,et al.  Potential role of sugar (fructose) in the epidemic of hypertension, obesity and the metabolic syndrome, diabetes, kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease. , 2007, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[109]  A. Sodhi,et al.  Production of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-12 and IFN-γ in murine peritoneal macrophages on treatment with wheat germ agglutinin in vitro: involvement of tyrosine kinase pathways , 2007, Glycoconjugate Journal.

[110]  R. Morris,et al.  Dietary sodium chloride intake independently predicts the degree of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis in healthy humans consuming a net acid-producing diet. , 2007, American journal of physiology. Renal physiology.

[111]  W. Yancy,et al.  Low-carbohydrate nutrition and metabolism. , 2007, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[112]  A. Lanier.  Existence of Alaska Native health disparities. , 2007, American journal of public health.

[113]  Andrea Manica,et al.  The effect of ancient population bottlenecks on human phenotypic variation , 2007, Nature.

[114]  L. Baur,et al.  Low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets for overweight and obesity. , 2007, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[115]  S. Lindeberg,et al.  A Palaeolithic diet improves glucose tolerance more than a Mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischaemic heart disease , 2007, Diabetologia.

[116]  M. Gurven,et al.  Longevity Among Hunter‐ Gatherers: A Cross‐Cultural Examination , 2007 .

[117]  D. Bernardo,et al.  Is gliadin really safe for non-coeliac individuals? Production of interleukin 15 in biopsy culture from non-coeliac individuals challenged with gliadin peptides , 2007, Gut.

[118]  Alice A. Lin,et al.  Revealing the prehistoric settlement of Australia by Y chromosome and mtDNA analysis , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[119]  A. Mokdad,et al.  Intake of Dietary Magnesium and the Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome among U.S. Adults , 2007, Obesity.

[120]  H. Kuhnlein,et al.  Local cultural animal food contributes high levels of nutrients for Arctic Canadian Indigenous adults and children. , 2007, The Journal of nutrition.

[121]  F. Nielsen,et al.  Dietary Magnesium Deficiency Induces Heart Rhythm Changes, Impairs Glucose Tolerance, and Decreases Serum Cholesterol in Post Menopausal Women , 2007, Journal of the American College of Nutrition.

[122]  L. Ferrucci,et al.  Circulating glycotoxins and dietary advanced glycation endproducts: two links to inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and aging. , 2007, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[123]  L. Råstam,et al.  Atheroprotective natural anti-phosphorylcholine antibodies of IgM subclass are decreased in Swedish controls as compared to non-westernized individuals from New Guinea , 2007, Nutrition & metabolism.

[124]  B. Dawson-Hughes.  Protein intake and calcium absorption – Potential role of the calcium sensor receptor , 2007 .

[125]  K. O’Brien,et al.  Dietary protein increases intestinal calcium absorption and improves bone balance: An hypothesis , 2007 .

[126]  D. Medeiros,et al.  Dietary Reference Intakes: the Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements edited by JJ Otten, JP Hellwig, and LD Meyers, 2006, 560 pages, hardcover, $44.96. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC. , 2007 .

[127]  S Kumar,et al.  Lipopolysaccharide activates an innate immune system response in human adipose tissue in obesity and type 2 diabetes. , 2007, American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism.

[128]  R. Hällgren,et al.  Gluten sensitivity in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome , 2007, Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology.

[129]  A. Sodhi,et al.  Production of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-12 and IFN-gamma in murine peritoneal macrophages on treatment with wheat germ agglutinin in vitro: involvement of tyrosine kinase pathways. , 2007, Glycoconjugate journal.

[130]  W. Kraemer,et al.  Comparison of Low Fat and Low Carbohydrate Diets on Circulating Fatty Acid Composition and Markers of Inflammation , 2007, Lipids.

[131]  J. Bassaganya-Riera,et al.  Putting the pieces of the puzzle together - a series of hypotheses on the etiology and pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. , 2007, Medical hypotheses.

[132]  F. Booth,et al.  Fundamental questions about genes, inactivity, and chronic diseases. , 2007, Physiological genomics.

[133]  B. Chatterjee,et al.  Activation dependent expression of MMPs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells involves protein kinase A , 2007, Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry.

[134]  S Jones,et al.  Mismatch - Why our world no longer fits our bodies , 2006 .

[135]  G. Hotamisligil,et al.  Inflammation and metabolic disorders , 2006, Nature.

[136]  M. King,et al.  High rates of the metabolic syndrome in a First Nations Community in western Canada: prevalence and determinants in adults and children. , 2006, International journal of circumpolar health.

[137]  Bruce N. Ames,et al.  Low micronutrient intake may accelerate the degenerative diseases of aging through allocation of scarce micronutrients by triage , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[138]  G. Pacini,et al.  A Paleolithic diet confers higher insulin sensitivity, lower C-reactive protein and lower blood pressure than a cereal-based diet in domestic pigs , 2006, Nutrition & metabolism.

[139]  R. Morris,et al.  The evolution-informed optimal dietary potassium intake of human beings greatly exceeds current and recommended intakes. , 2006, Seminars in nephrology.

[140]  A. Simopoulos.  Evolutionary aspects of diet, the omega-6/omega-3 ratio and genetic variation: nutritional implications for chronic diseases. , 2006, Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie.

[141]  D. Conrad,et al.  A worldwide survey of haplotype variation and linkage disequilibrium in the human genome , 2006, Nature Genetics.

[142]  D. Haussler,et al.  An RNA gene expressed during cortical development evolved rapidly in humans , 2006, Nature.

[143]  K. He,et al.  Magnesium intake and the metabolic syndrome: epidemiologic evidence to date. , 2006, Journal of the cardiometabolic syndrome.

[144]  R. Rylander,et al.  Acid-base status affects renal magnesium losses in healthy, elderly persons. , 2006, The Journal of nutrition.

[145]  James P. Boyle,et al.  Impact of Recent Increase in Incidence on Future Diabetes Burden , 2006, Diabetes Care.

[146]  R. Vieth.  What is the optimal vitamin D status for health? , 2006, Progress in biophysics and molecular biology.

[147]  A. Lawson,et al.  Dairy, magnesium, and calcium intake in relation to insulin sensitivity: approaches to modeling a dose-dependent association. , 2006, American journal of epidemiology.

[148]  R. Bribiescas,et al.  Population variation and differences in serum leptin independent of adiposity: a comparison of Ache Amerindian men of Paraguay and lean American male distance runners , 2006, Nutrition & metabolism.

[149]  Andrea Manica,et al.  A geographically explicit genetic model of worldwide human-settlement history. , 2006, American journal of human genetics.

[150]  S. Cheema-Dhadli,et al.  Control of potassium excretion: a Paleolithic perspective , 2006, Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension.

[151]  H. Rasmussen,et al.  Dietary Acid-Base Balance, Bone Resorption, and Calcium Excretion , 2006, Journal of the American College of Nutrition.

[152]  J. Hodgson,et al.  Partial substitution of carbohydrate intake with protein intake from lean red meat lowers blood pressure in hypertensive persons. , 2006, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[153]  J. Pritchard,et al.  A Map of Recent Positive Selection in the Human Genome , 2006, PLoS biology.

[154]  L. Cordain.  Saturated Fat Consumption in Ancestral Human Diets: Implications for Contemporary Intakes , 2006 .

[155]  M. Meskin,et al.  Phytochemicals : nutrient-gene interactions , 2006 .

[156]  S. B. Eaton,et al.  The ancestral human diet: what was it and should it be a paradigm for contemporary nutrition? , 2006, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society.

[157]  Pierre Baldi,et al.  Global landscape of recent inferred Darwinian selection for Homo sapiens , 2006, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.

[158]  Giuseppe Iacono,et al.  Gliadin, zonulin and gut permeability: Effects on celiac and non-celiac intestinal mucosa and intestinal cell lines , 2006, Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology.

[159]  L. Cordain.  19 Implications of Plio-Pleistocene Hominin Diets for Modern Humans , 2006 .

[160]  Jennifer J. Otten,et al.  DRI, Dietary reference intakes : the essential guide to nutrient requirements , 2006 .

[161]  C. de Graaf.  Effects of snacks on energy intake: an evolutionary perspective. , 2006, Appetite.

[162]  Michael Smolensky,et al.  Biological Clocks and Shift Work: Circadian Dysregulation and Potential Long-term Effects , 2006, Cancer Causes & Control.

[163]  S. Lindeberg,et al.  Agrarian diet and diseases of affluence – Do evolutionary novel dietary lectins cause leptin resistance? , 2005, BMC endocrine disorders.

[164]  F. Dela,et al.  Effect of intermittent fasting and refeeding on insulin action in healthy men. , 2005, Journal of applied physiology.

[165]  J. Manson,et al.  Dietary calcium, vitamin D, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older U.S. women. , 2005, Diabetes care.

[166]  A. Sebastian.  Dietary protein content and the diet's net acid load: opposing effects on bone health. , 2005, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[167]  Sohini Ramachandran,et al.  Support from the relationship of genetic and geographic distance in human populations for a serial founder effect originating in Africa. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[168]  Lawrence E Armstrong,et al.  Dietary protein intake and renal function , 2005, Nutrition & metabolism.

[169]  A. Adler,et al.  Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in three Alaskan Eskimo populations: the Alaska-Siberia project , 2005, International journal of circumpolar health.

[170]  F. Azizi,et al.  Dairy consumption is inversely associated with the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Tehranian adults. , 2005, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[171]  Nicolas Ray,et al.  Recovering the geographic origin of early modern humans by realistic and spatially explicit simulations. , 2005, Genome research.

[172]  G. Reaven.  The insulin resistance syndrome: definition and dietary approaches to treatment. , 2005, Annual review of nutrition.

[173]  D. Lawlor,et al.  Avoiding milk is associated with a reduced risk of insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome: findings from the British Women's Heart and Health Study , 2005, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

[174]  G. Hansson.  Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. , 2005, The New England journal of medicine.

[175]  E. Volpi,et al.  Role of Protein and Amino Acids in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Sarcopenia , 2005, Journal of the American College of Nutrition.

[176]  C. Mølgaard,et al.  High intakes of milk, but not meat, increase s-insulin and insulin resistance in 8-year-old boys , 2005, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[177]  G. Armelagos,et al.  Genomics at the origins of agriculture, part one , 2005 .

[178]  J. Fleagle,et al.  Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia , 2005, Nature.

[179]  Neil Mann,et al.  Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century. , 2005, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[180]  L. Cordain,et al.  Dissociation of the glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to whole and skimmed milk , 2005, British Journal of Nutrition.

[181]  D. Sanders,et al.  Multiple sclerosis and occult gluten sensitivity , 2004, Neurology.

[182]  R. Spielman,et al.  Glucose tolerance in two unacculturated Indian tribes of Brazil , 1982, Diabetologia.

[183]  L. Capasso.  Antiquity of cancer , 2005, International journal of cancer.

[184]  S. Duncan,et al.  Reappraisal of the historical selective pressures for the CCR5-Delta32 mutation. , 2005, Journal of medical genetics.

[185]  A. Hofman,et al.  Dietary intake of menaquinone is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: the Rotterdam Study. , 2004, The Journal of nutrition.

[186]  B. Ahrén,et al.  Traditional versus agricultural lifestyle among Shuar women of the Ecuadorian Amazon: effects on leptin levels. , 2004, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

[187]  K. Reichelt,et al.  IgA antibodies against gliadin and gluten in multiple sclerosis , 2004, Acta neurologica Scandinavica.

[188]  Deborah A Nickerson,et al.  Population History and Natural Selection Shape Patterns of Genetic Variation in 132 Genes , 2004, PLoS biology.

[189]  T. Rajamohan,et al.  Beneficial effects of virgin coconut oil on lipid parameters and in vitro LDL oxidation. , 2004, Clinical biochemistry.

[190]  E. Corwin.  The Concept of Epigenetics and Its Role in the Development of Cardiovascular Disease: Commentary on “New and Emerging Theories of Cardiovascular Disease” , 2004, Biological research for nursing.

[191]  D. J. Unsworth,et al.  Multiple sclerosis and occult gluten sensitivity , 2004, Neurology.

[192]  E. Bixler,et al.  Adverse effects of modest sleep restriction on sleepiness, performance, and inflammatory cytokines. , 2004, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[193]  M. Percy,et al.  Hemochromatosis and the enigma of misplaced iron: Implications for infectious disease and survival , 2004, Biometals.

[194]  C. Monaco,et al.  Nuclear factor kappaB: a potential therapeutic target in atherosclerosis and thrombosis. , 2004, Cardiovascular research.

[195]  L. Davidsson,et al.  Phytic acid added to white-wheat bread inhibits fractional apparent magnesium absorption in humans. , 2004, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[196]  E. Rimm,et al.  Magnesium Intake and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease among Men , 2004, Journal of the American College of Nutrition.

[197]  P. Kannus,et al.  Secular trends in the osteoporotic fractures of the distal humerus , 1998, European Journal of Epidemiology.

[198]  L. Higginbotham,et al.  Diabetes mellitus in urban and rural communities in Papua New Guinea , 1980, Diabetologia.

[199]  Peter S. Ungar,et al.  The evolution of human diet: The known, the unknown, and the unknowable , 2004 .

[200]  F. Booth,et al.  Eating, exercise, and "thrifty" genotypes: connecting the dots toward an evolutionary understanding of modern chronic diseases. , 2004, Journal of applied physiology.

[201]  J. O’Keefe,et al.  Cardiovascular disease resulting from a diet and lifestyle at odds with our Paleolithic genome: how to become a 21st-century hunter-gatherer. , 2004, Mayo Clinic proceedings.

[202]  Daniel W. Jones,et al.  Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. , 2003, Hypertension.

[203]  J. I. Pedersen,et al.  A diet rich in coconut oil reduces diurnal postprandial variations in circulating tissue plasminogen activator antigen and fasting lipoprotein (a) compared with a diet rich in unsaturated fat in women. , 2003, The Journal of nutrition.

[204]  P. Black.  The inflammatory response is an integral part of the stress response: Implications for atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, type II diabetes and metabolic syndrome X , 2003, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity.

[205]  N. Behrendt,et al.  Inuit are protected against prostate cancer. , 2003, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[206]  L. Cordain,et al.  Hyperinsulinemic diseases of civilization: more than just Syndrome X. , 2003, Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology.

[207]  T. White,et al.  Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia , 2003, Nature.

[208]  R. Mensink,et al.  Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. , 2003, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[209]  B. Rannala.  Evolving Health: The Origins of Illness and How the Modern World Is Making Us Sick , 2003 .

[210]  D. Spiegelman,et al.  The Impact of Protein Intake on Renal Function Decline in Women with Normal Renal Function or Mild Renal Insufficiency , 2003, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[211]  M. Carnethon,et al.  Association of dietary protein intake and microalbuminuria in healthy adults: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. , 2003, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

[212]  M. Feldman,et al.  The application of molecular genetic approaches to the study of human evolution , 2003, Nature Genetics.

[213]  E. Berry,et al.  Omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio: the Israeli paradox. , 2003, World review of nutrition and dietetics.

[214]  E. Berry,et al.  Effects of an Indo-Mediterranean diet on the omega-6/omega-3 ratio in patients at high risk of coronary artery disease: the Indian paradox. , 2003, World review of nutrition and dietetics.

[215]  A. Lanier,et al.  Alaska native mortality, 1979-1998. , 2003, Public health reports.

[216]  S. Lindeberg,et al.  Acne vulgaris: a disease of Western civilization. , 2002, Archives of dermatology.

[217]  H. McNulty,et al.  The effect of different cooking methods on folate retention in various foods that are amongst the major contributors to folate intake in the UK diet. , 2002, The British journal of nutrition.

[218]  R. Schutte,et al.  Potato Glycoalkaloids Adversely Affect Intestinal Permeability and Aggravate Inflammatory Bowel Disease , 2002, Inflammatory bowel diseases.

[219]  Mark A Pereira,et al.  Dairy consumption, obesity, and the insulin resistance syndrome in young adults: the CARDIA Study. , 2002, JAMA.

[220]  Scott M. Williams,et al.  Genetic analysis of African populations: human evolution and complex disease , 2002, Nature Reviews Genetics.

[221]  O. Johnell,et al.  International Variations in Hip Fracture Probabilities: Implications for Risk Assessment , 2002, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[222]  S. Gordon,et al.  Waging war on physical inactivity: using modern molecular ammunition against an ancient enemy. , 2002, Journal of applied physiology.

[223]  E. Whitley,et al.  The long-term effect of dietary advice in men with coronary disease: follow-up of the Diet and Reinfarction trial (DART) , 2002, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[224]  S. Lindeberg,et al.  An evolutionary analysis of the aetiology and pathogenesis of juvenile-onset myopia. , 2002, Acta ophthalmologica Scandinavica.

[225]  L Cordain,et al.  The paradoxical nature of hunter-gatherer diets: meat-based, yet non-atherogenic , 2002, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[226]  S. Lindeberg,et al.  Evolutionary health promotion: a consideration of common counterarguments. , 2002, Preventive medicine.

[227]  I. Mysterud,et al.  Evolutionary health promotion. , 2002, Preventive medicine.

[228]  V. Agte,et al.  Vitamin profile of cooked foods: how healthy is the practice of ready-to-eat foods? , 2002, International journal of food sciences and nutrition.

[229]  A. Simopoulos,et al.  The Mediterranean diets: What is so special about the diet of Greece? The scientific evidence. , 2001, The Journal of nutrition.

[230]  I. Björck,et al.  Milk as a supplement to mixed meals may elevate postprandial insulinaemia , 2001, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[231]  T. Ohmori,et al.  Wheat germ agglutinin-induced platelet activation via platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1: involvement of rapid phospholipase C gamma 2 activation by Src family kinases. , 2001, Biochemistry.

[232]  E. Östman,et al.  Inconsistency between glycemic and insulinemic responses to regular and fermented milk products. , 2001, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[233]  Andrew G. Clark,et al.  Haplotype Diversity and Linkage Disequilibrium at Human G6PD: Recent Origin of Alleles That Confer Malarial Resistance , 2001, Science.

[234]  T. Olsson,et al.  Large differences in serum leptin levels between nonwesternized and westernized populations: the Kitava study , 2001, Journal of internal medicine.

[235]  S. Bastian,et al.  Measurement of betacellulin levels in bovine serum, colostrum and milk. , 2001, The Journal of endocrinology.

[236]  B. Nursal,et al.  Vitamin C losses in some frozen vegetables due to various cooking methods. , 2000, Die Nahrung.

[237]  C. Ruff,et al.  Body mass prediction from skeletal frame size in elite athletes. , 2000, American journal of physical anthropology.

[238]  Li Jin,et al.  Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations , 2000, Nature Genetics.

[239]  C. Cockram,et al.  Diabetes mellitus: perspective from the Asia-Pacific region. , 2000, Diabetes research and clinical practice.

[240]  A. Kant.  Consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods by adult Americans: nutritional and health implications. The third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. , 2000, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[241]  R. Rylander,et al.  Magnesium in drinking water in relation to morbidity and mortality from acute myocardial infarction. , 2000, Epidemiology.

[242]  N. Mann,et al.  Dietary lean red meat and human evolution , 2000, European journal of nutrition.

[243]  L. Cordain,et al.  Modulation of immune function by dietary lectins in rheumatoid arthritis , 2000, British Journal of Nutrition.

[244]  L Cordain,et al.  Plant-animal subsistence ratios and macronutrient energy estimations in worldwide hunter-gatherer diets. , 2000, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[245]  B. Formby,et al.  Lights Out: Sleep, Sugar, and Survival , 2000 .

[246]  B. Ames,et al.  Ascorbate is depleted by smoking and repleted by moderate supplementation: a study in male smokers and nonsmokers with matched dietary antioxidant intakes. , 2000, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[247]  W. Kraaz,et al.  Psoriasis patients with antibodies to gliadin can be improved by a gluten‐free diet , 2000, The British journal of dermatology.

[248]  M. Daniel,et al.  Diabetes incidence in an Australian aboriginal population. An 8-year follow-up study. , 1999, Diabetes care.

[249]  S. Toubro,et al.  Changes in renal function during weight loss induced by high vs low-protein low-fat diets in overweight subjects , 1999, International Journal of Obesity.

[250]  S. Lindeberg,et al.  Low serum insulin in traditional Pacific Islanders--the Kitava Study. , 1999, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

[251]  E. Casiglia,et al.  Effects of a traditional lifestyle on the cardiovascular risk profile: the Amondava population of the Brazilian Amazon. Comparison with matched African, Italian and Polish populations. , 1999, Journal of hypertension.

[252]  O. Leo,et al.  Carbohydrate-bearing cell surface receptors involved in innate immunity: interleukin-12 induction by mitogenic and nonmitogenic lectins. , 1999, Cellular immunology.

[253]  L. Cordain.  Cereal grains: humanity's double-edged sword. , 1999, World review of nutrition and dietetics.

[254]  J. Milton,et al.  Identification of intact peanut lectin in peripheral venous blood , 1998, The Lancet.

[255]  P. Daddona,et al.  Enhancement of intestinal model compound transport by DS-1, a modified Quillaja saponin. , 1998, Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.

[256]  L Cordain,et al.  Physical Activity, Energy Expenditure and Fitness: An Evolutionary Perspective , 1998, International journal of sports medicine.

[257]  G. Opdenakker,et al.  Regulation of gelatinase B (MMP‐9) in leukocytes by plant lectins , 1998, FEBS letters.

[258]  A. Adler,et al.  Diabetes and Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Three Alaskan Eskimo Populations: The Alaska-Siberia Project , 1998, Diabetes Care.

[259]  Atherogenic potential of peanut oil-based monounsaturated fatty acids diets , 1998, Lipids.

[260]  M. Kosanović,et al.  Selenium in soil, grass, and human serum in the Zlatibor mountain area (Serbia): geomedical aspects. , 1998, Journal of environmental pathology, toxicology and oncology : official organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer.

[261]  R. Bucala,et al.  Tobacco smoke is a source of toxic reactive glycation products. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[262]  E. Trinkaus.  Appendicular robusticity and the paleobiology of modern human emergence. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[263]  P. Petocz,et al.  An insulin index of foods: the insulin demand generated by 1000-kJ portions of common foods. , 1997, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[264]  P. Nilsson-ehle,et al.  Age relations of cardiovascular risk factors in a traditional Melanesian society: the Kitava Study. , 1997, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[265]  C. Broadhurst.  Balanced intakes of natural triglycerides for optimum nutrition: an evolutionary and phytochemical perspective. , 1997, Medical hypotheses.

[266]  A. Wiley.  Why We Get Sick: The New Science of Darwinian Medicine , 1997 .

[267]  Sara Collins,et al.  PALAEOPATHOLOGY OF ABORIGINAL AUSTRALIANS. HEALTH AND DISEASE ACROSS A HUNTER–GATHERER CONTINENT , 1997 .

[268]  S. Lindeberg,et al.  Haemostatic Variables in Pacific Islanders Apparently Free from Stroke and Ischaemic Heart Disease – The Kitava Study , 1997, Thrombosis and Haemostasis.

[269]  M. Grynpas,et al.  Bone quantity and quality in past populations , 1996, The Anatomical record.

[270]  G. Wortley,et al.  Effects of saponins and glycoalkaloids on the permeability and viability of mammalian intestinal cells and on the integrity of tissue preparations in vitro. , 1996, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

[271]  D. Burr,et al.  Dynamic bone remodeling in later Pleistocene fossil hominids. , 1996, American journal of physical anthropology.

[272]  R. Rylander.  Environmental Magnesium Deficiency as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor , 1996, Journal of cardiovascular risk.

[273]  C. Baquet.  Native Americans' cancer rates in comparison with other peoples of color , 1996, Cancer.

[274]  W. Jongen,et al.  Molecular basis of glycoalkaloid induced membrane disruption. , 1995, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[275]  M. Alpers,et al.  Modernity and obesity in coastal and Highland Papua New Guinea. , 1995, International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity.

[276]  P. Nilsson-ehle,et al.  Cardiovascular risk factors in a Melanesian population apparently free from stroke and ischaemic heart disease: the Kitava study , 1994, Journal of internal medicine.

[277]  M. Pike,et al.  Women's Reproductive Cancers in Evolutionary Context , 1994, The Quarterly Review of Biology.

[278]  P. Touboul,et al.  Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease , 1994, The Lancet.

[279]  P. Zimmet,et al.  Extraordinary prevalence of non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus and bimodal plasma glucose distribution in the Wanigela people of Papua New Guinea , 1994, The Medical journal of Australia.

[280]  E. Szathmary,et al.  Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Among Aboriginal North Americans , 1994 .

[281]  K. Traianedes,et al.  Obesity, Diabetes, and Hyperlipidemia in a Central Australian Aboriginal Community With a Long History of Acculturation , 1993, Diabetes Care.

[282]  C. Ruff,et al.  Postcranial robusticity in Homo. I: Temporal trends and mechanical interpretation. , 1993, American journal of physical anthropology.

[283]  S. Lindeberg,et al.  Apparent absence of stroke and ischaemic heart disease in a traditional Melanesian island: a clinical study in Kitava , 1993, Journal of internal medicine.

[284]  L. Hallberg,et al.  Calcium and iron absorption: mechanism of action and nutritional importance. , 1992, European journal of clinical nutrition.

[285]  Miguel Calvo Rebollar,et al.  Insulin in bovine colostrum and milk: evolution throughout lactation and binding to caseins. , 1991, Journal of dairy science.

[286]  G. Lanza,et al.  Factors affecting insulin-like growth factor-I concentration in bovine milk. , 1991, Journal of dairy science.

[287]  L. Clark,et al.  Selenium in forage crops and cancer mortality in U.S. counties. , 1991, Archives of environmental health.

[288]  J. Middaugh,et al.  Cardiovascular deaths among Alaskan Natives, 1980-86. , 1990, American journal of public health.

[289]  S. Valway.  Cancer mortality among Native Americans in the United States: regional differences in Indian health, 1984-1988 & trends over time, 1968-1987. , 1990 .

[290]  D. Rumm-Kreuter,et al.  Comparison of vitamin losses in vegetables due to various cooking methods. , 1990, Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology.

[291]  M. Kimura,et al.  Cooking losses of minerals in foods and its nutritional significance. , 1990, Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology.

[292]  P. Elwood,et al.  EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN FAT, FISH, AND FIBRE INTAKES ON DEATH AND MYOCARDIAL REINFARCTION: DIET AND REINFARCTION TRIAL (DART) , 1989, The Lancet.

[293]  H. King,et al.  Glucose tolerance in Papua New Guinea: ethnic differences, association with environmental and behavioural factors and the possible emergence of glucose intolerance in a highland community , 1989, The Medical journal of Australia.

[294]  G. Shambaugh.  Zinc: the neglected nutrient. , 1989, The American journal of otology.

[295]  S. Sułkowski,et al.  [Malignant neoplasms in autopsy specimens and the magnesium level in the soil of the communities of Gródek and Tykocin]. , 1989, Wiadomosci lekarskie.

[296]  Z. Lisiewska,et al.  [Effect of the variety and size of fresh and frozen brussels sprouts on the vitamin C level]. , 1989, Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny.

[297]  P. Bjerregaard,et al.  Mortality from ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease in Greenland. , 1988, International journal of epidemiology.

[298]  M. Konner,et al.  Stone agers in the fast lane: chronic degenerative diseases in evolutionary perspective. , 1988, The American journal of medicine.

[299]  Carlson Bl,et al.  Loss of vitamin C in vegetables during the foodservice cycle. , 1988 .

[300]  C. Lenfant,et al.  National High Blood Pressure Education Program. , 1986, Journal of the American Optometric Association.

[301]  D. Topping,et al.  Volatile fatty acids in the human intestine: Studies in surgical patients , 1985 .

[302]  G. Grant,et al.  Tomato lectin resists digestion in the mammalian alimentary canal and binds to intestinal villi without deleterious effects , 1985, FEBS letters.

[303]  P. Barss.  Fractured hips in rural Melanesians: a nonepidemic. , 1985, Tropical and geographical medicine.

[304]  S. Eaton,et al.  Paleolithic nutrition. A consideration of its nature and current implications. , 1985, The New England journal of medicine.

[305]  M. Cohen,et al.  Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture , 1984 .

[306]  S. Lepage,et al.  Interactions of alfalfa plant and sprout saponins with cholesterol in vitro and in cholesterol-fed rats. , 1984, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[307]  K. O'dea.  Marked Improvement in Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism in Diabetic Australian Aborigines After Temporary Reversion to Traditional Lifestyle , 1984, Diabetes.

[308]  M. Alpers,et al.  Glucose tolerance in a highland population in Papua New Guinea. , 1984, Diabetes research.

[309]  J. Hildes,et al.  The changing picture of neoplastic disease in the western and central Canadian Arctic (1950-1980). , 1984, Canadian Medical Association journal.

[310]  G. Grant,et al.  The effect of heating on the haemagglutinating activity and nutritional properties of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seeds. , 1982, Journal of the science of food and agriculture.

[311]  R. Torres-Pinedo,et al.  Interactions of Soybean Lectin, Soyasaponins, and Glycinin with Rabbit Jejunal Mucosa In Vitro , 1982, Pediatric Research.

[312]  P. Higgins,et al.  Reaction of monosaccharides with proteins: possible evolutionary significance. , 1981, Science.

[313]  M. Doherty,et al.  GLUTEN-INDUCED MUCOSAL CHANGES IN SUBJECTS WITHOUT OVERT SMALL-BOWEL DISEASE , 1981, The Lancet.

[314]  V. Sampson,et al.  The Tokelau Island Migrant Study: serum lipid concentration in two environments. , 1981, Journal of chronic diseases.

[315]  N Kromann,et al.  Epidemiological studies in the Upernavik district, Greenland. Incidence of some chronic diseases 1950-1974. , 2009, Acta medica Scandinavica.

[316]  K. Akerman,et al.  The Effect of Transition from Traditional to Urban Life-Style on the Insulin Secretory Response in Australian Aborigines , 1980, Diabetes Care.

[317]  J. Dyerberg,et al.  Lipid Metabolism and Ischemic Heart Disease in Greenland Eskimos , 1980 .

[318]  J. Calder,et al.  Diverticular disease, carcinoma of the colon and diet in urban and rural Kenya Africans. , 1980, Diagnostic imaging.

[319]  T. Oppé,et al.  Vitamin D deficiency. , 1979, British medical journal.

[320]  A. Lanier.  Cancer incidence in Alaska natives , 1998, International journal of cancer.

[321]  M. F. Ericksen.  Cortical bone loss with age in three native American populations. , 1976, American journal of physical anthropology.

[322]  J. Neel,et al.  Blood Pressure, Sodium Intake, and Sodium Related Hormones in the Yanomamo Indians, a “No‐salt” Culture , 1975, Circulation.

[323]  W. Peck,et al.  Autopsy of an Egyptian mummy , 1975, Science.

[324]  A. J. Perzigian.  Osteoporotic bone loss in two prehistoric Indian populations. , 1973, American journal of physical anthropology.

[325]  S. Itoh,et al.  Glucose tolerance test in the Ainu , 1972, International journal of biometeorology.

[326]  O. Schaefer.  When The Eskimo Comes To Town , 1971 .

[327]  Sweeney Jp,et al.  Effect of processing on provitamin A in vegetables. , 1971 .

[328]  A. C. Marsh,et al.  Effect of processing on provitamin A in vegetables. , 1971, Journal of the American Dietetic Association.

[329]  Arthaud Jb.  Cause of death in 339 Alaskan natives as determined by autopsy. , 1970 .

[330]  M. Riveros.  First observation of cancer among the Pampidos (Chulupi) Indians of the Paraguayan Chaco. , 1970, International surgery.

[331]  L. Cavalli-Sforza,et al.  Metabolic studies in the African pygmy. , 1972, Transactions of the Association of American Physicians.

[332]  A. W. Gottmann.  A report of one hundred three autopsies on Alaskan natives. , 1960, Archives of pathology.

[333]  J. Higginson,et al.  Cancer incidence in the Bantu and "Cape Colored" races of South Africa: report of a cancer survey in the Transvaal (1953-55). , 1960, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[334]  W. L. Bruetsch.  The Earliest Record of Sudden Death Possibly Due to Atherosclerotic Coronary Occlusion , 1959, Circulation.

[335]  東京物理學校,et al.  理學 : The science , 1946 .

[336]  M. Ruffer.  On arterial lesions found in Egyptian mummies (1580 B.C.—525 A.D.) , 1911 .

[337]  W. Renner.  THE SPREAD OF CANCER AMONG THE DESCENDANTS OF THE LIBERATED AFRICANS OR CREOLES OF SIERRA LEONE , 1910, British medical journal.

[338]  The Transition from Food-Gathering to Food-Production in Evolution and Disease , 2022 .