Supplementary material to "The penultimate deglaciation: protocol for PMIP4 transient numerical simulations between 140 and 127 ka, version 1.0"

The penultimate deglaciation (PDG, ∼138-128 thousand years before present, hereafter ka) is the transition from the penultimate glacial maximum to the Last Interglacial (LIG, ∼129-116 ka). The LIG stands out as one of the warmest interglacials of the last 800 ka, with high-latitude temperature warmer than today and global sea level likely higher by at least 6 meters. Considering the transient nature of the Earth system, the LIG climate and ice-sheets evolution were certainly influenced by the changes occurring during the penultimate deglaciation. It is thus important to investigate, with coupled 5 1 Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2019-41 Manuscript under review for journal Geosci. Model Dev. Discussion started: 6 March 2019 c © Author(s) 2019. CC BY 4.0 License.

[1]  M. England,et al.  Southern Hemisphere westerlies as a driver of the early deglacial atmospheric CO2 rise , 2018, Nature Communications.

[2]  J. Webster,et al.  Differences between the last two glacial maxima and implications for ice-sheet, δ18O, and sea-level reconstructions , 2017 .

[3]  A. Voelker,et al.  A 1-Ma record of sea surface temperature and extreme cooling events in the North Atlantic: A perspective from the Iberian Margin , 2017 .

[4]  M. Jansen,et al.  Connecting Antarctic sea ice to deep-ocean circulation in modern and glacial climate simulations: SEA ICE AND GLACIAL AMOC , 2017 .

[5]  E. Galbraith,et al.  Calibration of the carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of benthic foraminifera , 2017 .

[6]  F. Joos,et al.  Poorly ventilated deep ocean at the Last Glacial Maximum inferred from carbon isotopes: A data-model comparison study , 2017 .

[7]  celiaeschst How warm was Greenland during the last interglacial period , 2016 .

[8]  J. McManus,et al.  Persistent climatic and oceanographic oscillations in the subpolar North Atlantic during the MIS 6 glaciation and MIS 5 interglacial , 2016 .

[9]  V. Brovkin,et al.  Interglacials of the last 800,000 years , 2016 .

[10]  H. Goosse,et al.  Multiple causes of the Younger Dryas cold period , 2015 .

[11]  F. Pausata,et al.  Fennoscandian freshwater control on Greenland hydroclimate shifts at the onset of the Younger Dryas , 2015, Nature Communications.

[12]  M. Morlighem,et al.  A new sub-grid surface mass balance and flux model for continental-scale ice sheet modelling: testing and last glacial cycle , 2015 .

[13]  M. Kageyama,et al.  Teleconnection between the Intertropical Convergence Zone and southern westerly winds throughout the last deglaciation , 2015 .

[14]  D. Heslop,et al.  Bipolar seesaw control on last interglacial sea level , 2015, Nature.

[15]  A. Schmittner,et al.  Early deglacial Atlantic overturning decline and its role in atmospheric CO 2 rise inferred from carbon isotopes (δ 13 C) , 2015 .

[16]  W. Peltier,et al.  Space geodesy constrains ice age terminal deglaciation: The global ICE‐6G_C (VM5a) model , 2015 .

[17]  C. Bitz,et al.  The spatial extent and dynamics of the Antarctic Cold Reversal , 2015, Nature Geoscience.

[18]  J. Overpeck,et al.  Coherent changes of southeastern equatorial and northern African rainfall during the last deglaciation , 2014, Science.

[19]  C. Buizert,et al.  Centennial-scale changes in the global carbon cycle during the last deglaciation , 2014, Nature.

[20]  K. Lambeck,et al.  Sea level and global ice volumes from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene , 2014, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[21]  Rainer Zahn,et al.  Similarities and dissimilarities between the last two deglaciations and interglaciations in the North Atlantic region , 2014 .

[22]  R. Caballero,et al.  Evolution of the large-scale atmospheric circulation in response to changing ice sheets over the last glacial cycle , 2014 .

[23]  J. McManus,et al.  Oceanographic dynamics and the end of the last interglacial in the subpolar North Atlantic , 2014, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[24]  T. Fichefet,et al.  Factors controlling the last interglacial climate as simulated by LOVECLIM1.3 , 2014 .

[25]  G. Haug,et al.  Iron Fertilization of the Subantarctic Ocean During the Last Ice Age , 2014, Science.

[26]  J. Marshall,et al.  Changes in ITCZ location and cross-equatorial heat transport at the Last Glacial Maximum, Heinrich Stadial 1, and the mid-Holocene , 2014 .

[27]  P. Gibbard,et al.  Land-ocean changes on orbital and millennial time scales and the penultimate glaciation , 2014 .

[28]  M. England,et al.  Atlantic‐Pacific seesaw and its role in outgassing CO2 during Heinrich events , 2014 .

[29]  J. Jouzel,et al.  Two-phase change in CO2, Antarctic temperature and global climate during Termination II , 2013 .

[30]  A. Rosell‐Melé,et al.  Seasonality of UK′37 temperature estimates as inferred from sediment trap data , 2013 .

[31]  A. Timmermann,et al.  Estimated strength of the Atlantic overturning circulation during the last deglaciation , 2013 .

[32]  Kenji Kawamura,et al.  Eemian interglacial reconstructed from a Greenland folded ice core , 2013, Nature.

[33]  David Pollard,et al.  Description of a hybrid ice sheet-shelf model, and application to Antarctica , 2012 .

[34]  C. Bitz,et al.  Chinese stalagmite δ 18 O controlled by changes in the Indian monsoon during a simulated Heinrich event , 2011 .

[35]  A. Timmermann,et al.  Deconstructing the Last Glacial termination: the role of millennial and orbital-scale forcings , 2011 .

[36]  A. Timmermann,et al.  Climate and biogeochemical response to a rapid melting of the West-Antarctic Ice Sheet during interglacials and implications for future climate , 2010 .

[37]  M. Bateman,et al.  Identification of Younger Dryas outburst flood path from Lake Agassiz to the Arctic Ocean , 2010, Nature.

[38]  A. Ganopolski,et al.  The nature of millennial-scale climate variability during the past two glacial periods. , 2010 .

[39]  T. Stocker,et al.  Glacial–interglacial and millennial-scale variations in the atmospheric nitrous oxide concentration during the last 800,000 years , 2010 .

[40]  Z. Liu,et al.  Transient Simulation of Last Deglaciation with a New Mechanism for Bølling-Allerød Warming , 2009, Science.

[41]  Eelco J. Rohling,et al.  Antarctic temperature and global sea level closely coupled over the past five glacial cycles , 2009 .

[42]  Michael Schulz,et al.  Sahel megadroughts triggered by glacial slowdowns of Atlantic meridional overturning , 2008 .

[43]  W. Peltier,et al.  Rheological stratification of the lithosphere: A direct inference based upon the geodetically observed pattern of the glacial isostatic adjustment of the North American continent , 2008 .

[44]  T. Stocker,et al.  High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000–800,000 years before present , 2008, Nature.

[45]  T. Stocker,et al.  Orbital and millennial-scale features of atmospheric CH4 over the past 800,000 years , 2008, Nature.

[46]  T. Stocker,et al.  Four Climate Cycles of Recurring Deep and Surface Water Destabilizations on the Iberian Margin , 2007, Science.

[47]  H. Drange,et al.  Inception of the Northern European ice sheet due to contrasting ocean and insolation forcing , 2007, Quaternary Research.

[48]  M. Rabineau,et al.  Paleo sea levels reconsidered from direct observation of paleoshoreline position during glacial maxima (for the last 500,000 yr) , 2006 .

[49]  K. Lambeck,et al.  Constraints on the Late Saalian to early Middle Weichselian ice sheet of Eurasia from field data and rebound modelling , 2006 .

[50]  C. Kissel,et al.  The penultimate deglaciation: High-resolution paleoceanographic evidence from a north–south transect along the eastern Nordic Seas , 2006 .

[51]  M. Raymo,et al.  A Pliocene‐Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records , 2005 .

[52]  J Schwander,et al.  High-resolution record of Northern Hemisphere climate extending into the last interglacial period , 2004, Nature.

[53]  M. Raymo,et al.  Stability of North Atlantic water masses in face of pronounced climate variability during the Pleistocene , 2004 .

[54]  J. McManus,et al.  Collapse and rapid resumption of Atlantic meridional circulation linked to deglacial climate changes , 2004, Nature.

[55]  G. Haug,et al.  Rapid changes in the hydrologic cycle of the tropical Atlantic during the last glacial. , 2000, Science.

[56]  J. Plicht,et al.  Reduced solar activity as a trigger for the start of the Younger Dryas , 2000 .

[57]  J. Jouzel,et al.  Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica , 1999, Nature.

[58]  J. L. Cullen,et al.  A 0.5-million-year record of millennial-scale climate variability in the north atlantic , 1999, Science.

[59]  S. Lehman,et al.  Marine core evidence for reduced deep water production during Termination II followed by a relatively stable substage 5e (Eemian) , 1997 .

[60]  John H. Martin glacial-interglacial Co2 change : the iron hypothesis , 1990 .