Solving algae problems: French expertise and world-wide applications

This paper reviews the various methods available for removing planktonic microalgae (microstraining, direct filtration, sedimentation, flotation, polishing using ozonation and granular activated carbon [O3+GAC], membrane filtration), and discusses their comparative effectiveness, optimisation and limitations. Also described are the treatments considered most effective in the removal of odorous and/or toxic metabolites. In each case French technology and its world-wide applications are compared to those documented in the literature. The article concludes with recommendations on the most appropriate processes for treating eutrophic waters.

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