Mineral Sequestration of Carbon Dixoide in a Sandstone-Shale System

A conceptual model of CO2 injection in bedded sandstone-shale sequences has been developed using hydrogeologic properties and mineral compositions commonly encountered in Gulf Coast sediments. Numerical simulations were performed with the reactive fluid flow and geochemical transport code TOUGHREACT to analyze mass transfer between sandstone and shale layers and CO2 immobilization through carbonate precipitation. Results indicate that most CO2 sequestration occurs in the sandstone. The major CO2 trapping minerals are dawsonite and ankerite. The CO2 mineral-trapping capacity after 100,000 years reaches about 90 kg per cubic meter of the medium. The CO2 trapping capacity depends on primary mineral composition. Precipitation of siderite and ankerite requires Fe+2 supplied mainly by chlorite and some by hematite dissolution and reduction. Precipitation of dawsonite requires Na+ provided by oligoclase dissolution. The initial abundance of chlorite and oligoclase therefore affects the CO2 mineral trapping capacity. The sequestration time required depends on the kinetic rate of mineral dissolution and precipitation. Dawsonite reaction kinetics is not well understood, and sensitivity regarding the precipitation rate was examined. The addition of CO2 as secondary carbonates results in decreased porosity. The leaching of chemical constituents from the interior of the shale causes slightly increased porosity. The limited information currently available for the mineralogy of natural high-pressure CO2 gas reservoirs is also generally consistent with our simulation. The ''numerical experiments'' give a detailed understanding of the dynamic evolution of a sandstone-shale geochemical system.

[1]  J. Ague,et al.  Geochemical modeling of steady state fluid flow and chemical reaction during supergene enrichment of porphyry copper deposits , 1989 .

[2]  K. Pruess,et al.  Thermohydrological conditions and silica redistribution near high‐level nuclear wastes emplaced in saturated geological formations , 1988 .

[3]  David L. Parkhurst,et al.  Phreeqe--A Computer Program for Geochemical Calculations , 1980 .

[4]  D. W. Osborne,et al.  The Heat Capacity, Entropy, Heats of Fusion, Transition, and Vaporization and Vapor Pressures of Methyl Mercaptan , 1942 .

[5]  William D. Gunter,et al.  Aquifer disposal of CO2-rich gases: Reaction design for added capacity , 1993 .

[6]  S. Banwart,et al.  The dissolution of biotite and chlorite at 25°C in the near-neutral pH region , 1996 .

[7]  E. Gonnenthal,et al.  Drift-Scale Coupled Processes (DST and THC Seepage) Models , 2001 .

[8]  F. L. Lynch.  Frio Shale Mineralogy and the Stoichiometry of the Smectite-to-Illite Reaction: The Most Important Reaction in Clastic Sedimentary Diagenesis , 1997 .

[9]  Ragnhild Korbol,et al.  Sleipner vest CO2 disposal - injection of removed CO2 into the Utsira formation , 1995 .

[10]  Van Genuchten,et al.  A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils , 1980 .

[11]  J. C. Baker,et al.  Continental-scale magmatic carbon-dioxide seepage recorded by Dawsonite in the Bowen-Gunnedah-Sydney Basin System, eastern Australia , 1995 .

[12]  S. Bachu,et al.  Hydrogeological and numerical analysis of CO2 disposal in deep aquifers in the Alberta sedimentary basin , 1996 .

[13]  Stephen P. White,et al.  Numerical Simulation of CO 2 Sequestration in Natural CO 2 Reservoirs on the Colorado Plateau , 2001 .

[14]  J. Donald Rimstidt,et al.  QUARTZ SOLUBILITY AT LOW TEMPERATURES , 1997 .

[15]  K. Pruess,et al.  Numerical simulation of CO2 disposal by mineral trapping in deep aquifers , 2004 .

[16]  J. A. Oude Lohuis.  Carbon dioxide disposal and sustainable development in the Netherlands , 1993 .

[17]  W. Gunter,et al.  Aquifer disposal of CO2-rich greenhouse gases: Extension of the time scale of experiment for CO2-sequestering reactions by geochemical modelling , 1997 .

[18]  A. Lasaga,et al.  Variation of Crystal Dissolution Rate Based on a Dissolution Stepwave Model , 2001, Science.

[19]  A. Blum,et al.  Chapter 7. FELDSPAR DISSOLUTION KINETICS , 1995 .

[20]  W. D. Good,et al.  METHANETHIOL AND CARBON DISULFIDE: HEATS OF COMBUSTION AND FORMATION BY ROTATING-BOMB CALORIMETRY1 , 1961 .

[21]  T. J. Wolery,et al.  EQ3/6, a software package for geochemical modeling of aqueous systems: Package overview and installation guide (Version 7.0) , 1992 .

[22]  H. Helgeson,et al.  Calculation of the Standard Molal Thermodynamic Properties of Crystalline, Liquid, and Gas Organic Molecules at High Temperatures and Pressures , 1998 .

[23]  C. Steefel,et al.  A new kinetic approach to modeling water-rock interaction: The role of nucleation, precursors, and Ostwald ripening , 1990 .

[24]  R. Garrels,et al.  Comparative study of the kinetics and mechanisms of dissolution of carbonate minerals , 1989 .

[25]  A. Navrotsky,et al.  Synthesis, characterization, and energetics of solid solution along the dolomite-ankerite join, and implications for the stability of ordered CaFe(CO3)2 , 1996 .

[26]  V B Parker,et al.  Thermodynamic Properties of the Aqueous Ions (2+ and 3+) of Iron and the Key Compounds of Iron , 1995 .

[27]  E. Oelkers,et al.  An experimental study of dolomite dissolution rates as a function of pH from −0.5 to 5 and temperature from 25 to 80°C , 1999 .

[28]  S. Arnórsson,et al.  Assessment of feldspar solubility constants in water in the range of 0 degrees to 350 degrees C at vapor saturation pressures , 1999 .

[29]  J. Howard.  Porosimetry Measurement of Shale Fabric and Its Relationship to Illite/Smectite Diagenesis , 1991 .

[30]  Roger Powell,et al.  An internally consistent thermodynamic data set for phases of petrological interest , 1998 .

[31]  Sam Holloway,et al.  An overview of the underground disposal of carbon dioxide , 1997 .

[32]  Stefan Schouten,et al.  Changes in the molecular structure of a Type II-S kerogen (Monterey Formation, U.S.A.) during sequential chemical degradation , 1998 .

[33]  H. Gamsjäger,et al.  Critical evaluation of solubility data: enthalpy of formation of siderite , 2002 .

[34]  M. Reed,et al.  Calculation of multicomponent chemical equilibria and reaction processes in systems involving minerals, gases and an aqueous phase , 1982 .

[35]  Patrice de Caritat,et al.  Postdepositional history of the Permian sequence in the Denison Trough, eastern Australia , 1992 .

[36]  T. Narasimhan,et al.  AN INTEGRATED FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD FOR ANALYZING FLUID FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA , 1976 .

[37]  H. Helgeson,et al.  Theoretical prediction of the thermodynamic behavior of aqueous electrolytes at high pressures and temperatures , 1974 .

[38]  H. Helgeson,et al.  Theoretical prediction of the thermodynamic behavior of aqueous electrolytes by high pressures and temperatures; IV, Calculation of activity coefficients, osmotic coefficients, and apparent molal and standard and relative partial molal properties to 600 degrees C and 5kb , 1981 .

[39]  Diagenesis and reservoir quality of the Aldebaran Sandstone, Denison Trough, east‐central Queensland, Australia , 1991 .

[40]  Y. Kharaka.  Petroleum formation and occurrence. A new approach to oil and gas exploration , 1980 .

[41]  Joseph N. Moore,et al.  Mineralogical and geochemical consequences of the long-term presence of CO2 in natural reservoirs: An example from the Springerville-St. Johns Field, Arizona, and New Mexico, U.S.A , 2005 .

[42]  Stefan Bachu,et al.  Aquifer disposal of CO2: Hydrodynamic and mineral trapping , 1994 .

[43]  K. Pruess,et al.  MODELING MULTIPHASE NON-ISOTHERMAL FLUID FLOW AND REACTIVE GEOCHEMICAL TRANSPORT IN VARIABLY SATURATED FRACTURED ROCKS: 1. METHODOLOGY , 2001 .

[44]  Robert L. Folk,et al.  Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks , 1974 .

[45]  R. A. Robie,et al.  Thermodynamic properties of minerals and related substances at 298.15 K and 1 bar (10[5] pascals) pressure and at higher temperatures , 1995 .

[46]  S. Savin,et al.  Mechanism of burial metamorphism of argillaceous sediments: 3. O-isotope evidence , 1977 .

[47]  Karsten Pruess,et al.  Coupled modeling of non-isothermal multiphase flow, solutetransport and reactive chemistry in porous and fractured media: 1. ModelDevelopment and Validation , 1998 .

[48]  Stefan Bachu,et al.  Technical and economic feasibility of CO2 disposal in aquifers within the Alberta sedimentary basin, Canada , 1996 .

[49]  T. Yen,et al.  Petroleum formation and occurrence — A new approach to oil and gas exploration: B.P. Tissot and D.H. Welte. Springer, Berlin, 1978, 538 pp., DM 79.00 or U.S. $ 39.50 , 1979 .

[50]  L. Land.  Frio Sandstone Diagenesis, Texas Gulf Coast: A Regional Isotopic Study: Part 1. Concepts and Principles , 1984 .

[51]  E. Sonnenthale.  Drift-Scale Coupled Processes (DST and THC Seepage) Models , 2001 .

[52]  R. Capuano.  Mineralogical evidence of fluid flow in microfractures in geopressured shales , 1993 .

[53]  H. Helgeson,et al.  Summary and critique of the thermodynamic properties of rock forming minerals , 1978 .

[54]  J. W. Ball,et al.  Partial compilation and revision of basic data in the WATEQ programs , 1984 .

[55]  Maxwell N. Watson,et al.  The Ladbroke Grove-Katnook carbon dioxide natural laboratory: A recent CO2 accumulation in a lithic sandstone reservoir , 2004 .

[56]  K. Pruess,et al.  Analysis of mineral trapping for CO2 disposal in deep aquifers , 2001 .

[57]  E. Reardon,et al.  Modelling chemical equilibria of acid mine-drainage: The FeSO4-H2SO4-H2O system , 1987 .

[58]  C. Steefel,et al.  A coupled model for transport of multiple chemical species and kinetic precipitation/dissolution rea , 1994 .

[59]  Sam Holloway,et al.  Natural occurrences as analogues for the geological disposal of carbon dioxide , 1996 .

[60]  Kathryn L. Nagy,et al.  Dissolution and precipitation kinetics of sheet silicates , 1995 .

[61]  W. E. Galloway,et al.  Regional Controls on Diagenesis and Reservoir Quality in Lower Tertiary Sandstones along the Texas Gulf Coast: Part 1. Concepts and Principles , 1984 .

[62]  W. R. Wawersik,et al.  Terrestrial sequestration of CO2: An assessment of research needs , 2001 .

[63]  Gour-Tsyh Yeh,et al.  A Model for Simulating Transport of Reactive Multispecies Components: Model Development and Demonstration , 1991 .

[64]  J. Schott,et al.  An experimental study of kaolinite and dickite relative stability at 150-300 degrees C and the thermodynamic properties of dickite , 1998 .

[65]  Eric Eslinger,et al.  Mechanism of burial metamorphism of argillaceous sediment: 1. Mineralogical and chemical evidence , 1976 .

[66]  H. Helgeson,et al.  Calculation of the thermodynamic properties at elevated temperatures and pressures of saturated and aromatic high molecular weight solid and liquid hydrocarbons in kerogen, bitumen, petroleum, and other organic matter of biogeochemical interest , 1998 .

[67]  K. Milliken,et al.  Burial diagenesis of argillaceous sediment, south Texas Gulf of Mexico sedimentary basin: A reexamination , 1997 .

[68]  E. Shock,et al.  Inorganic species in geologic fluids: correlations among standard molal thermodynamic properties of aqueous ions and hydroxide complexes. , 1997, Geochimica et cosmochimica acta.

[69]  W. Casey,et al.  GIBBS ENERGY OF FORMATION OF DOLOMITE FROM ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL MEASUREMENTS AND THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS , 2001 .

[70]  E. Westrum,et al.  Methanol: Heat Capacity, Enthalpies of Transition and Melting, and Thermodynamic Properties from 5–300°K , 1971 .

[71]  Carl I. Steefel,et al.  Evaluation of the impact of CO2, co-contaminant gas, aqueous fluid and reservoir rock interactions on the geologic sequestration of CO2 , 2005 .

[72]  E. Oelkers,et al.  SUPCRT92: a software package for calculating the standard molal thermodynamic properties of minerals, gases, aqueous species, and reactions from 1 to 5000 bar and 0 to 1000 ° C , 1992 .

[73]  S. Arnórsson.  ASSESSMENT OF FELDSPAR SOLUBILITY CONSTANTS IN WATER IN THE RANGE 0 ° TO 350 ° C AT VAPOR SATURATION PRESSURES , 2004 .

[74]  Carl I. Steefel,et al.  Reactive Transport Modeling of Geologic CO{sub 2} Sequestration in Saline Aquifers: The Influence of Intra-Aquifer Shales and the Relative Effectiveness of Structural, Solubility, and Mineral Trapping During Prograde and Retrograde Sequestration , 2001 .

[75]  Peter C. Lichtner,et al.  CO2 Sequestration in Deep Aquifers , 2001 .

[76]  J. Tester,et al.  Correlating quartz dissolution kinetics in pure water from 25 to 625°C , 1994 .

[77]  A. Lasaga.  Chemical kinetics of water‐rock interactions , 1984 .

[78]  Karsten Pruess,et al.  Reactive geochemical transport simulation to study mineral trapping for CO2 disposal in deep arenaceous formations , 2003 .

[79]  K. Pruess,et al.  TOUGH2 User's Guide Version 2 , 1999 .

[80]  Karsten Pruess,et al.  Numerical Modeling of Aquifer Disposal of CO2 , 2001 .