Cardiac Remodeling from Middle Age to Senescence

Background: The data on cardiac remodeling outside the scope of myocardial infarction and heart failure are limited. Methods: A cohort of middle-aged hypertensive subjects with age- and gender-matched control subjects without hypertension (n = 1,045, aged 51 ± 6 years) were randomly selected for the OPERA study (Oulu Project Elucidating Risk of Atherosclerosis study). The majority of those who were still alive after more than 20 years of follow-up underwent thorough re-examinations. Results: Left ventricular mass index (LVMI) increased significantly from 106.5 ± 27.1 (mean ± SD) to 114.6 ± 29.1 g/m2 (p < 0.001), the thickness of the left ventricular posterior wall (LVPW) from 10.0 ± 1.8 to 10.6 ± 1.7 mm (p < 0.001), fractional shortening (FS) from 35.0 ± 5.7 to 38.4 ± 7.2 % (p < 0.001), and left atrial diameter (LAD) from 38.8 ± 5.2 to 39.4 ± 6.7 mm (p = 0.028) during the 20-year follow-up. After multivariate adjustments, hypertension treated with antihypertensive medication and male gender predicted a smaller increase in the thickness of LVPW (p = 0.017 to <0.001). Baseline higher fasting plasma insulin level, larger intima media thickness of the carotid artery, greater height and antihypertensive medication (p = 0.046–0.002) predicted a smaller (less favorable) change of FS. The increase of LAD was associated with higher baseline diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.034) and greater height (p = 0.006). Conclusion: Aging from middle age to senescence increases the echocardiographic indexes of LVMI, LVPW thickness, FS and LAD. Several baseline factors are associated with these changes.