Pedagogical Underpinnings of Open Science, Citizen Science and Open Innovation Activities: A State-of-the-Art Analysis

Higher Educational Institutes (HEIs) and academic libraries increasingly organise Open Science (OS), Citizen Science (CS) and Open Innovation (OI) activities. This paper presents a state-of-the-art analysis of the implications of openness on learning activities, in view of improving the design of future open activities containing learning objectives. The following questions were addressed: 1) how can openness be incorporated into learning activities, and 2) what are the learning benefits and challenges of openness in learning activities? This paper is a useful resource for organisers of OS, CS and OI learning activities.