A review of recent developments in return-stroke models based on transmission line theory

This paper presents a review of recent developments in return-stroke models based on transmission line theory, which are also known as distributed-circuit models. The existing transmission line models are classified in three different categories, which are briefly outlined. A discussion on the applicability of conventional transmission line theory to represent the propagation of a current wave on a vertical conductor intended to represent the lightning channel is presented. Also, recent progress in the inclusion of nonlinear channel losses and corona in transmission line models of the return stroke is presented and discussed. Current and remote electromagnetic fields predicted by some of the reviewed models are illustrated. Examples of application of return-stroke models based on transmission line theory are also presented.

[1]  S.R.H. Hoole,et al.  Simulation of lightning attachment to open ground, tall towers and aircraft , 1993 .

[2]  S. Ratnajeevan,et al.  Modeling the lightning earth flash return stroke for studying its effects on engineering systems , 1992 .

[3]  Silverio Visacro,et al.  A study on the influence of corona on currents and electromagnetic fields predicted by a nonlinear lightning return‐stroke model , 2014 .

[4]  Silverio Visacro,et al.  Close electric fields and lightning-induced voltages predicted by a return-stroke model including corona and nonlinear channel resistance , 2015 .

[5]  F. H. Silveira,et al.  Influence of a Nonlinear Channel Resistance on Lightning-Induced Voltages on Overhead Lines , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility.

[6]  Y. Baba,et al.  On the mechanism of attenuation of current waves propagating along a vertical perfectly conducting wire above ground: application to lightning , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility.

[7]  Carl E. Baum,et al.  Analytic Return-Stroke Transmission-Line Model , 1987 .

[8]  C. Christopoulos,et al.  A model of the lightning channel, including corona, and prediction of the generated electromagnetic fields , 1990 .

[9]  Silverio Visacro,et al.  On the use of lumped sources in a nonlinear lightning return stroke model and extension for evaluating strikes to tall objects , 2009 .

[10]  Vladimir A. Rakov,et al.  Estimation of input energy in rocket‐triggered lightning , 2006 .

[11]  Vladimir A. Rakov,et al.  Some inferences on the propagation mechanisms of dart leaders , 1998 .

[12]  S. Visacro,et al.  Revision, extension, and validation of Jordan's formula to calculate the surge impedance of vertical conductors , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility.

[13]  E. T. Pierce,et al.  The modeling of channel current in the lightning return stroke , 1977 .

[14]  G. N. Oetzel,et al.  Computation of the diameter of a lightning return stroke , 1968 .

[15]  Vernon Cooray,et al.  Simulation of the time-varying channel resistance : exponential decay versus strong-shock approximation , 2008 .

[16]  Louis Baker.  Return-Stroke Transmission Line Model , 1987 .

[17]  E. Jordan,et al.  Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems , 1951 .

[18]  V. Cooray,et al.  On the representation of the lightning return stroke process as a current pulse propagating along a transmission line , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[19]  Vernon Cooray,et al.  A comparison of different approaches to simulate a nonlinear channel resistance in lightning return stroke models , 2008 .

[20]  V. Cooray,et al.  Pulse Propagation Along Transmission Lines in the Presence of Corona and Their Implication to Lightning Return Strokes , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[21]  M. Uman,et al.  Lightning return stroke current models with specified channel‐base current: A review and comparison , 1990 .

[22]  Silverio Visacro,et al.  Transmission line models of lightning return stroke , 2012 .

[23]  Silverio Visacro,et al.  A distributed‐circuit return‐stroke model allowing time and height parameter variation to match lightning electromagnetic field waveform signatures , 2005 .

[24]  D. F. Strawe,et al.  Non-linear modeling of lightning return strokes , 1979 .

[25]  T. Sarkar,et al.  Analysis of Multiconductor Transmission Lines , 1988, 31st ARFTG Conference Digest.

[26]  Vladimir A. Rakov,et al.  Review and evaluation of lightning return stroke models including some aspects of their application , 1998 .

[27]  Alberto De Conti,et al.  Calculation of return-stroke currents and remote electromagnetic fields using circuit and transmission line theories: Influence of segmentation and excitation function , 2013 .

[28]  P F Little,et al.  Transmission line representation of a lightning return stroke , 1978 .