Mechanisms of DNA excision repair.

DNA is constantly suffering damage, which ultimately causes 80 to 90 percent of human cancers (1). Usually, cells eliminate DNA lesions by molecular DNA repair, a process first described in 1949 by Kelner (2), who found that risible light protected microorganisms from the lethal effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. In 1958 Rupert and co-workers (3) showed that this phenomenon, called photoreactivation, was catalyzed by an enzyme, photoreactivating enzyme (DNA photolyase). Photolyase reverses the major UV-caused lesions in DNA, pyrimidine dimers, by converting light energy into chemical energy (4). Photolvase, however, is not essential for species survival, as many species including humans lack the enzyme (5). In contrast, another DNA repair mechanism, excision repair, which was discovered

[1]  P. Modrich,et al.  Mismatch repair, genetic stability, and cancer. , 1994, Science.

[2]  D. S. Hsu,et al.  Substrate spectrum of human excinuclease: repair of abasic sites, methylated bases, mismatches, and bulky adducts. , 1994, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[3]  P. O'Connor,et al.  Interaction of the p53-regulated protein Gadd45 with proliferating cell nuclear antigen. , 1994, Science.

[4]  S. Lippard,et al.  HMG-domain proteins specifically inhibit the repair of the major DNA adduct of the anticancer drug cisplatin by human excision nuclease. , 1994, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[5]  T. Todo,et al.  Cloning of a marsupial DNA photolyase gene and the lack of related nucleotide sequences in placental mammals. , 1994, Nucleic acids research.

[6]  G. Hannon,et al.  Differential effects by the p21 CDK inhibitor on PCNA-dependent DNA replication and repair , 1994, Nature.

[7]  A. Bardwell,et al.  Specific cleavage of model recombination and repair intermediates by the yeast Rad1-Rad10 DNA endonuclease. , 1994, Science.

[8]  S. West,et al.  XPG endonuclease makes the 3′ incision in human DNA nucleotide excision repair , 1994, Nature.

[9]  A. Nordheim,et al.  Involvement of growth factor receptors in the mammalian UVC response , 1994, Cell.

[10]  P. Sung,et al.  Human xeroderma pigmentosum group G gene encodes a DNA endonuclease. , 1994, Nucleic acids research.

[11]  Z. Deng,et al.  Molecular cloning of the human nucleotide-excision-repair gene ERCC4. , 1994, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[12]  P. Sung,et al.  RAD25 is a DMA helicase required for DNA repair and RNA polymerase II transcription , 1994, Nature.

[13]  D. K. Treiber,et al.  Cisplatin-DNA adducts are molecular decoys for the ribosomal RNA transcription factor hUBF (human upstream binding factor). , 1994, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[14]  M. Lieber,et al.  Functional domains within FEN-1 and RAD2 define a family of structure-specific endonucleases: implications for nucleotide excision repair. , 1994, Genes & development.

[15]  S. Elledge,et al.  Specific association between the human DNA repair proteins XPA and ERCC1. , 1994, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[16]  A. Sancar,et al.  Formation of a ternary complex by human XPA, ERCC1, and ERCC4(XPF) excision repair proteins. , 1994, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[17]  K. Struhl,et al.  The UV response involving the ras signaling pathway and AP-1 transcription factors is conserved between yeast and mammals , 1994, Cell.

[18]  D. Reinberg,et al.  Dual role of TFIIH in DNA excision repair and in transcription by RNA polymerase II , 1994, Nature.

[19]  K. Tanaka,et al.  Purification and cloning of a nucleotide excision repair complex involving the xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein and a human homologue of yeast RAD23. , 1994, The EMBO journal.

[20]  S. Humbert,et al.  Correction of xeroderma pigmentosum repair defect by basal transcription factor BTF2 (TFIIH). , 1994, The EMBO journal.

[21]  R. Kornberg,et al.  Transcription factor b (TFIIH) is required during nucleotide-excision repair in yeast , 1994, Nature.

[22]  T. Saito,et al.  An ERCC5 gene with homology to yeast RAD2 is involved in group G xeroderma pigmentosum. , 1994, Mutation research.

[23]  A. Sancar Structure and function of DNA photolyase. , 1994, Biochemistry.

[24]  L. Mullenders,et al.  Deficient repair of the transcribed strand of active genes in Cockayne's syndrome cells. , 1993, Nucleic acids research.

[25]  P. Sung,et al.  Purification and characterization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD1/RAD10 endonuclease. , 1993, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[26]  P. Sung,et al.  Yeast excision repair gene RAD2 encodes a single-stranded DNA endonuclease , 1993, Nature.

[27]  Xin Lu,et al.  Differential induction of transcriptionally active p53 following UV or lonizing radiation: Defects in chromosome instability syndromes? , 1993, Cell.

[28]  J. Mcwhir,et al.  Mice with DNA repair gene (ERCC-1) deficiency have elevated levels of p53, liver nuclear abnormalities and die before weaning , 1993, Nature Genetics.

[29]  P. Sung,et al.  Human xeroderma pigmentosum group D gene encodes a DMA helicase , 1993, Nature.

[30]  J. Mudgett,et al.  Human ERCC5 cDNA-cosmid complementation for excision repair and bipartite amino acid domains conserved with RAD proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe , 1993, Molecular and cellular biology.

[31]  B. Ames,et al.  Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[32]  P. Sung,et al.  Yeast DNA-repair gene RAD14 encodes a zinc metalloprotein with affinity for ultraviolet-damaged DNA. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[33]  A. Sancar,et al.  Evidence for lack of DNA photoreactivating enzyme in humans. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[34]  A. Bairoch,et al.  Complementation of the DNA repair defect in xeroderma pigmentosum group G cells by a human cDNA related to yeast RAD2 , 1993, Nature.

[35]  A. Bardwell,et al.  Yeast DNA repair and recombination proteins Rad1 and Rad1O constitute a single-stranded-DNA endonuclease , 1993, Nature.

[36]  J. Hearst,et al.  Molecular Matchmakers. [Formation of stable DNA-protein complexes] , 1993 .

[37]  J. Hearst,et al.  DNA repair by eukaryotic nucleotide excision nuclease. Removal of thymine dimer and psoralen monoadduct by HeLa cell-free extract and of thymine dimer by Xenopus laevis oocytes. , 1993, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[38]  L. Thompson,et al.  Excision repair in man and the molecular basis of xeroderma pigmentosum syndrome. , 1993, Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology.

[39]  P. Sung,et al.  DNA repair genes and proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. , 1993, Annual review of genetics.

[40]  S. Giliani,et al.  A new nucleotide-excision-repair gene associated with the disorder trichothiodystrophy. , 1993, American journal of human genetics.

[41]  R. Conaway,et al.  General initiation factors for RNA polymerase II. , 1993, Annual review of biochemistry.

[42]  B. Vogelstein,et al.  A mammalian cell cycle checkpoint pathway utilizing p53 and GADD45 is defective in ataxia-telangiectasia , 1992, Cell.

[43]  R. Legerski,et al.  Expression cloning of a human DNA repair gene involved in xeroderma pigmentosum group C , 1992, Nature.

[44]  P. Billings,et al.  Purification of nuclear proteins that bind to cisplatin-damaged DNA. Identity with high mobility group proteins 1 and 2. , 1992, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[45]  A. Sancar,et al.  Purification of PCNA as a nucleotide excision repair protein. , 1992, Nucleic Acids Research.

[46]  R. Wood,et al.  Proliferating cell nuclear antigen is required for DNA excision repair , 1992, Cell.

[47]  A. Sancar,et al.  Human nucleotide excision nuclease removes thymine dimers from DNA by incising the 22nd phosphodiester bond 5' and the 6th phosphodiester bond 3' to the photodimer. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[48]  S. Lippard,et al.  Specific binding of chromosomal protein HMG1 to DNA damaged by the anticancer drug cisplatin. , 1992, Science.

[49]  D. Reinberg,et al.  Factors involved in specific transcription by mammalian RNA polymerase II. Identification and characterization of factor IIH. , 1992, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[50]  T. Lindahl,et al.  Complementation of DNA repair in xeroderma pigmentosum group A cell extracts by a protein with affinity for damaged DNA. , 1991, The EMBO journal.

[51]  C. Hutchison,et al.  A random sequencing approach for placing markers on the physical map of Mycoplasma genitalium. , 1991, Nucleic acids research.

[52]  D. Lane,et al.  Requirement for the replication protein SSB in human DMA excision repair , 1991, Nature.

[53]  B. Demple,et al.  Regulation of bacterial oxidative stress genes. , 1991, Annual review of genetics.

[54]  A. Yasui,et al.  Analysis of a human DNA excision repair gene involved in group A xeroderma pigmentosum and containing a zinc-finger domain , 1990, Nature.

[55]  G. Sancar,et al.  DNA photolyases: physical properties, action mechanism, and roles in dark repair. , 1990, Mutation research.

[56]  A. V. D. Eb,et al.  A presumed DNA helicase encoded by ERCC-3 is involved in the human repair disorders xeroderma pigmentosum and Cockayne's syndrome , 1990, Cell.

[57]  A. Sancar,et al.  The (A)BC excinuclease of Escherichia coli has only the UvrB and UvrC subunits in the incision complex. , 1989, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[58]  Y. Nakabeppu,et al.  Regulation and expression of the adaptive response to alkylating agents. , 1988, Annual review of biochemistry.

[59]  A. Yasui,et al.  Molecular characterization of the human excision repair gene ERCC-1: cDNA cloning and amino acid homology with the yeast DNA repair gene RAD10 , 1986, Cell.

[60]  L. Grossman,et al.  Enzymatic properties of purified Escherichia coli uvrABC proteins. , 1983, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[61]  A. Sancar,et al.  A novel repair enzyme: UVRABC excision nuclease of Escherichia coli cuts a DNA strand on both sides of the damaged region , 1983, Cell.

[62]  K. Brookman,et al.  Genetic diversity of UV-sensitive DNA repair mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells. , 1981, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[63]  J. Cleaver Defective Repair Replication of DNA in Xeroderma Pigmentosum , 1968, Nature.

[64]  P. Howard-Flanders,et al.  RELEASE OF ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT-INDUCED THYMINE DIMERS FROM DNA IN E. COLI K-12. , 1964, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[65]  R. Setlow,et al.  THE DISAPPEARANCE OF THYMINE DIMERS FROM DNA: AN ERROR-CORRECTING MECHANISM. , 1964, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[66]  C. S. Rupert,et al.  PHOTOREACTIVATION IN VITRO OF ULTRAVIOLET INACTIVATED HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TRANSFORMING FACTOR , 1958, The Journal of general physiology.

[67]  A. Kelner Effect of Visible Light on the Recovery of Streptomyces Griseus Conidia from Ultra-violet Irradiation Injury. , 1949, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.