Developmental, gender, and ethnic group differences in moods and ambulatory blood pressure in adolescents

Background: Adolescence is characterized by profound changes in physical, psychological, and social functioning thought to be accompanied by intense and varying moods.Purpose: Within a psychophysiological framework, this study examined the prevalence of 12 self-reported mood states of adolescents; investigated associations between specific mood states and ambulatory blood pressure readings; and explored effects of interactions among moods, gender, ethnic group, and maturation on ambulatory blood pressures.Methods: The sample included 371 African American, European American, and Hispanic American adolescents 11 to 16 years old. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures were measured every 30 min with an ambulatory monitor and were synchronized with electronic activity monitoring and moods self-recorded during waking hours in a checklist diary.Results: Moods differed significantly by gender, ethnic group, and maturation. Controlling for height, maturation, gender, ethnic group, mother’s education, position, location, activity, other moods, and interactions of moods with other variables in a multilevel, random coefficients regression model, both positive and negative mood states were associated with higher levels of SBP and DBP; being relaxed or bored, or having a feeling of accomplishing things were associated with lower SBP and DBP. There were significant interaction effects of moods with physical maturity, gender, and ethnic group on ambulatory SBP and DBP.Conclusions: Further study of the modifying effects of gender, ethnic group, and stage of development on reports of moods, and their associations with cardiovascular responses is recommended.

[1]  I. Goldstein,et al.  Ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in healthy male paramedics during a workday and a nonworkday. , 1992, Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association.

[2]  A. L. Greene.  Patterns of affectivity in the transition to adolescence. , 1990, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[3]  H. Kennedy,et al.  Relationship between mood and blood pressure in the natural environment: an adolescent population. , 1986, Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association.

[4]  P A Shapiro,et al.  Cardiac autonomic control buffers blood pressure variability responses to challenge: a psychophysiologic model of coronary artery disease. , 1999, Psychosomatic medicine.

[5]  W. White,et al.  The relationship of electronically monitored physical activity to blood pressure, heart rate, and the circadian blood pressure profile. , 2000, American journal of hypertension.

[6]  James M. Tanner,et al.  Growth at Adolescence , 1956 .

[7]  I. Goldstein,et al.  Wrist actigraph measures of physical activity level and ambulatory blood pressure in healthy elderly persons. , 1998, Psychophysiology.

[8]  S G Blank,et al.  The influence of happiness, anger, and anxiety on the blood pressure of borderline hypertensives. , 1986, Psychosomatic medicine.

[9]  W. Chan,et al.  Predictors of Ambulatory Blood Pressure: Identification of High-Risk Adolescents , 1998, ANS. Advances in nursing science.

[10]  K. Matthews,et al.  Effects of hostility on ambulatory blood pressure and mood during daily living in healthy adults. , 1999, Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association.

[11]  S. Shiffman,et al.  Impact of gender and having children in the household on ambulatory blood pressure in work and nonwork settings: A partial replication and new findings , 2000, Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine.

[12]  N. Schneiderman,et al.  Posture, place, and mood effects on ambulatory blood pressure. , 1990, Psychophysiology.

[13]  D. E. Brown,et al.  Comparison of factors affecting daily variation of blood pressure in Filipino-American and Caucasian nurses in Hawaii. , 1998, American journal of physical anthropology.

[14]  W. Chan,et al.  Blood pressure and sexual maturity in adolescents: The Heartfelt Study , 2001, American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council.

[15]  A. Stone,et al.  Strategies for analyzing ecological momentary assessment data. , 1998, Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association.

[16]  Laura E. Plybon,et al.  Socioeconomic status and blood pressure reactivity in healthy black adolescents. , 2000, Hypertension.

[17]  R. Delfino,et al.  Anxiety, affect, and activity in teenagers: monitoring daily life with electronic diaries. , 2002, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[18]  F. Alsaker.  Annotation: the impact of puberty. , 1996, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[19]  H. Neighbors,et al.  Racism, discrimination and hypertension: evidence and needed research. , 2001, Ethnicity & disease.

[20]  J. Ware,et al.  Random-effects models for longitudinal data. , 1982, Biometrics.

[21]  Joseph E. Schwartz,et al.  Mood, Location and Physical Position as Predictors of Ambulatory Blood Pressure and Heart Rate: Application of a Multi-Level Random Effects Model , 1994, Annals of Behavioral Medicine.

[22]  W. Chan,et al.  Strategies for combining and scaling sexual maturity indicators: the Heartfelt Study , 2001, Annals of human biology.

[23]  J. Blumenthal,et al.  Impact of psychological factors on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and implications for therapy. , 1999, Circulation.

[24]  K. Matthews,et al.  Effects of optimism, pessimism, and trait anxiety on ambulatory blood pressure and mood during everyday life , 1999 .

[25]  C. Kozinetz.  Blood pressure and self-assessment of female sexual maturation. , 1988, Journal of adolescent health care : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

[26]  D. Watson,et al.  Toward a consensual structure of mood. , 1985, Psychological bulletin.

[27]  D Shapiro,et al.  Striking a chord: moods, blood pressure, and heart rate in everyday life. , 2001, Psychophysiology.

[28]  J F Thayer,et al.  Ambulatory blood pressure responses and the circumplex model of mood: a 4-day study. , 1999, Psychosomatic medicine.

[29]  K. Kolodner,et al.  Predicting ambulatory blood pressure during school: effectiveness of social and nonsocial reactivity tasks in black and white adolescents. , 2007, Psychophysiology.

[30]  J. Schwartz,et al.  Workday communication and ambulatory blood pressure: implications for the reactivity hypothesis. , 1999, Psychophysiology.

[31]  T. Kamarck,et al.  Effects of task strain, social conflict, and emotional activation on ambulatory cardiovascular activity: daily life consequences of recurring stress in a multiethnic adult sample. , 1998, Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association.

[32]  W Chan,et al.  Stress-induced alterations of blood pressure and 24 h ambulatory blood pressure in adolescents. , 1999, Blood pressure monitoring.

[33]  I. Goldstein,et al.  Daily mood states and ambulatory blood pressure. , 1997, Psychophysiology.

[34]  A. Petersen,et al.  A self-report measure of pubertal status: Reliability, validity, and initial norms , 1988, Journal of youth and adolescence.