MAC protocols with dynamic interval schemes for VANETs

Abstract Under the dynamically changing topology of Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks (VANETs), the restricted intervals in Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols cannot provide sufficient capacity to carry both safety and non-safety applications. One approach which can solve these issues is a dynamic MAC protocol that can adapt itself to the vehicle density or traffic conditions. In this survey, we, therefore, study various techniques for dynamic intervals used in MAC protocols, their advantages, and disadvantages. First, we classify these protocols into three following categories: 1) contention-based, 2) contention-free, and 3) a hybrid between contention-free and contention-based medium access methods. Second, in each medium access method, we classify the methodologies depending on their operating principles. The conclusions of our study are as follows: 1) Adaptive MAC protocols improve the channel utilization and adapt themselves to various traffic states, 2) Adaptive MAC protocols perform better than protocols using fixed intervals, 3) Currently, MAC protocols using dynamic intervals, which are suitable to VANET standards, are only applicable to optimize control channel interval; therefore, it is necessary to expand to both optimize control channel interval and service channel interval according to network and traffic condition. Finally, we discuss some open issues and whether designing MAC protocols using dynamic intervals can meet the QoS requirements for different applications in the future.

[1]  Yusheng Ji,et al.  A Dedicated Multi-Channel MAC Protocol Design for VANET with Adaptive Broadcasting , 2010, 2010 IEEE Wireless Communication and Networking Conference.

[2]  A. Girotra,et al.  Performance Analysis of the IEEE 802 . 11 Distributed Coordination Function , 2005 .

[3]  C. Siva Ram Murthy,et al.  An efficient TDMA-based variable interval multichannel MAC protocol for vehicular networks , 2016, Wirel. Networks.

[4]  Montserrat Ros,et al.  A Comparative Survey of VANET Clustering Techniques , 2017, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[5]  Wenchao Xu,et al.  Internet of vehicles in big data era , 2018, IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica.

[6]  Hongseok Yoo,et al.  A dynamic safety interval protocol for VANETs , 2012, RACS.

[7]  Antonella Molinaro,et al.  Multichannel communications in vehicular Ad Hoc networks: a survey , 2013, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[8]  Weihua Zhuang,et al.  Effects of time slot reservation in cooperative ADHOC MAC for vehicular networks , 2013, 2013 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC).

[9]  Tae-Jin Lee,et al.  Coordinated Multichannel MAC Protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[10]  Li Li,et al.  Performance Evaluation of VeMAC Supporting Safety Applications in Vehicular Networks , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing.

[11]  Yan Zhang,et al.  Reliable Content Dissemination in Internet of Vehicles Using Social Big Data , 2017, GLOBECOM 2017 - 2017 IEEE Global Communications Conference.

[12]  Hannes Hartenstein,et al.  A tutorial survey on vehicular ad hoc networks , 2008, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[13]  Sanjay Silakari,et al.  Enhanced Distributed Multi-Hop Clustering Algorithm for VANETs Based on Neighborhood Follow (EDMCNF) Collaborated with Road Side Units , 2015, 2015 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks (CICN).

[15]  Chin-Teng Lin,et al.  Internet of Vehicles: Motivation, Layered Architecture, Network Model, Challenges, and Future Aspects , 2016, IEEE Access.

[16]  Tsuyoshi Murata,et al.  {m , 1934, ACML.

[17]  Mahbub Hassan,et al.  How much of dsrc is available for non-safety use? , 2008, VANET '08.

[18]  Sumit Roy,et al.  Congestion Control to Achieve Optimal Broadcast Efficiency in VANETs , 2010, 2010 IEEE International Conference on Communications.

[19]  Eui-Nam Huh,et al.  A Survey on Adaptive Multi-Channel MAC Protocols in VANETs Using Markov Models , 2018, IEEE Access.

[20]  Weiwei Xia,et al.  An Adaptive Multi-Channel MAC Protocol with Dynamic Interval Division in Vehicular Environment , 2009, 2009 First International Conference on Information Science and Engineering.

[21]  C. Siva Ram Murthy,et al.  A novel context-aware variable interval MAC protocol to enhance event-driven message delivery in IEEE 802.11p/WAVE vehicular networks , 2015, Veh. Commun..

[22]  Jiaru Lin,et al.  A CSMA/TDMA dynamic splitting scheme for MAC protocol in VANETs , 2013, 2013 International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing.

[23]  Huirong Fu,et al.  A multi-priority supported medium access control in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks , 2014, Comput. Commun..

[24]  Danna Zhou,et al.  d. , 1934, Microbial pathogenesis.

[25]  Philippe J. Sartori,et al.  LTE evolution for vehicle-to-everything services , 2016, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[26]  Hsiao-Hwa Chen,et al.  WSN12-6: Cluster-Based DSRC Architecture for QoS Provisioning over Vehicle Ad Hoc Networks , 2006, IEEE Globecom 2006.

[27]  Mario Gerla,et al.  Vehicular Cloud Computing , 2012, 2012 The 11th Annual Mediterranean Ad Hoc Networking Workshop (Med-Hoc-Net).

[28]  Juan-Carlos Cano,et al.  A Reliable Token-Based MAC Protocol for Delay Sensitive Platooning Applications , 2015, 2015 IEEE 82nd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2015-Fall).

[29]  Dongbi Zhu,et al.  Performance Analysis of A Multi-channel MAC with Dynamic CCH Interval in WAVE System , 2013 .

[30]  Keqin Li,et al.  Internet of Vehicles and applications , 2016 .

[31]  Yan Zhang,et al.  Modeling Prioritized Broadcasting in Multichannel Vehicular Networks , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[32]  Yu-Chee Tseng,et al.  A new multi-channel MAC protocol with on-demand channel assignment for multi-hop mobile ad hoc networks , 2000, Proceedings International Symposium on Parallel Architectures, Algorithms and Networks. I-SPAN 2000.

[33]  Weidong Yang,et al.  TDMA-Based Control Channel Access for IEEE 802.11p in VANETs , 2014, Int. J. Distributed Sens. Networks.

[34]  Panagiotis Papadimitratos,et al.  Vehicular communication systems: Enabling technologies, applications, and future outlook on intelligent transportation , 2009, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[35]  Yan Zhang,et al.  Performance Analysis of Connectivity Probability and Connectivity-Aware MAC Protocol Design for Platoon-Based VANETs , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[36]  Abdelhakim Hafid,et al.  A new stability based clustering algorithm (SBCA) for VANETs , 2012, 37th Annual IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks - Workshops.

[37]  Xiaojiang Du,et al.  A multi-channel cooperative clustering-based MAC protocol for V2V communications , 2016, Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput..

[38]  Guillermo Acosta-Marum,et al.  Wave: A tutorial , 2009, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[39]  Anis Laouiti,et al.  Vehicle Ad Hoc networks: applications and related technical issues , 2008, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[40]  Weihua Zhuang,et al.  Performance analysis of cooperative ADHOC MAC for vehicular networks , 2012, 2012 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM).

[41]  Athanasios V. Vasilakos,et al.  Distributed Media Services in P2P-Based Vehicular Networks , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[42]  Li Zhao,et al.  Support for vehicle-to-everything services based on LTE , 2016, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[43]  Lin Zhang,et al.  A Scalable CSMA and Self-Organizing TDMA MAC for IEEE 802.11 p/1609.x in VANETs , 2014, Wirel. Pers. Commun..

[44]  Nitin H. Vaidya,et al.  Multi-channel mac for ad hoc networks: handling multi-channel hidden terminals using a single transceiver , 2004, MobiHoc '04.

[45]  Chuan Pham,et al.  An Efficient Time Slot Acquisition on the Hybrid TDMA/CSMA Multichannel MAC in VANETs , 2016, IEEE Communications Letters.

[46]  M. Salah,et al.  Simulator for inter-vehicle communication based on traffic modeling , 2004, IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, 2004.

[47]  Tarik Taleb,et al.  Toward an Effective Risk-Conscious and Collaborative Vehicular Collision Avoidance System , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[48]  Stephan Olariu,et al.  Taking VANET to the clouds , 2010, Int. J. Pervasive Comput. Commun..

[49]  Kayhan Zrar Ghafoor,et al.  Simulation tools for vehicular ad hoc networks: A comparison study and future perspectives , 2015, 2015 International Conference on Wireless Networks and Mobile Communications (WINCOM).

[50]  Erik G. Ström,et al.  On the Ability of the 802.11p MAC Method and STDMA to Support Real-Time Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication , 2009, EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw..

[51]  J. Torsner,et al.  Internet of Things in the 5G Era: Enablers, Architecture, and Business Models , 2016, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[52]  Qing Wang,et al.  Medium access control in vehicular ad hoc networks , 2011, Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput..

[53]  Reinhard German,et al.  Bidirectionally Coupled Network and Road Traffic Simulation for Improved IVC Analysis , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[54]  Mónica Aguilar-Igartua,et al.  Comparison of propagation and packet error models in vehicular networks performance , 2018, Veh. Commun..

[55]  Choong Seon Hong,et al.  An Adaptable Mobility-Aware Clustering Algorithm in vehicular networks , 2011, 2011 13th Asia-Pacific Network Operations and Management Symposium.

[56]  Huirong Fu,et al.  A multi-priority supported p-persistent MAC protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks , 2012, 2012 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC).

[57]  Ranran Ding,et al.  A clustering-based multi-channel Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication system , 2009, 2009 First International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks.

[58]  Choong Seon Hong,et al.  HER-MAC: A Hybrid Efficient and Reliable MAC for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks , 2014, 2014 IEEE 28th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications.

[59]  Xuemin Shen,et al.  Connected Vehicles: Solutions and Challenges , 2014, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[60]  Yan Zhang,et al.  Connectivity-aware Medium Access Control in platoon-based Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks , 2015, 2015 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC).

[61]  Huirong Fu,et al.  An IEEE 802.11p-Based Multichannel MAC Scheme With Channel Coordination for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems.

[62]  F. Borgonovo,et al.  Impact of user mobility on the broadcast service efficiency of the ADHOC MAC protocol , 2005, 2005 IEEE 61st Vehicular Technology Conference.

[63]  Yan Liu,et al.  Adaptive TDMA slot assignment protocol for vehicular ad-hoc networks , 2013 .

[64]  Wang Ke,et al.  A decentralized adaptive TDMA scheduling strategy for VANET , 2013, 2013 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Workshops (WCNCW).

[65]  Hsiao-Hwa Chen,et al.  Cluster-based multi-channel communications protocols in vehicle ad hoc networks , 2006, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[66]  Bernhard Walke,et al.  Towards Broadband Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks - The Vehicular Mesh Network (VMESH) MAC Protocol , 2007, 2007 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference.

[67]  Rui Zou,et al.  A near collision free reservation based MAC protocol for VANETs , 2014, 2014 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC).

[68]  Weihua Zhuang,et al.  CAH-MAC: Cooperative ADHOC MAC for Vehicular Networks , 2013, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[69]  Anis Laouiti,et al.  TDMA-Based MAC Protocols for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: A Survey, Qualitative Analysis, and Open Research Issues , 2015, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[70]  Hamid Menouar,et al.  A survey and qualitative analysis of mac protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks , 2006, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[71]  Flaminio Borgonovo,et al.  ADHOC MAC: New MAC Architecture for Ad Hoc Networks Providing Efficient and Reliable Point-to-Point and Broadcast Services , 2004, Wirel. Networks.

[72]  Yang Xiao.  A simple and effective priority scheme for IEEE 802.11 , 2003, IEEE Communications Letters.

[73]  Luciano Bononi,et al.  Modeling and simulation of WAVE 1609.4-based multi-channel vehicular ad hoc networks , 2012, SimuTools.

[74]  Hariharan Krishnan,et al.  Adaptive intervehicle communication control for cooperative safety systems , 2010, IEEE Network.

[75]  Choong Seon Hong,et al.  ECCT: An Efficient-Cooperative ADHOC MAC for Cluster-Based TDMA System in VANETs , 2015, Int. J. Distributed Sens. Networks.

[76]  Mohsen Guizani,et al.  Advanced Activity-Aware Multi-Channel Operations1609.4 in VANETs for Vehicular Clouds , 2016, 2016 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM).

[77]  Carl Bergenhem,et al.  Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication for a Platooning System , 2012 .

[78]  Juan-Carlos Cano,et al.  Emergency Services in Future Intelligent Transportation Systems Based on Vehicular Communication Networks , 2010, IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine.

[79]  Chao Yu,et al.  APDM: An adaptive multi-priority distributed multichannel MAC protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks in unsaturated conditions , 2017, Comput. Commun..

[80]  Li Li,et al.  VeMAC: A TDMA-Based MAC Protocol for Reliable Broadcast in VANETs , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[81]  Sherali Zeadally,et al.  Survey of media access control protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks , 2011, IET Commun..

[82]  Maria Rita Palattella,et al.  Internet of Things in the 5G Era: Enablers, Architecture, and Business Models , 2016, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[83]  R. G. Sangeetha,et al.  A survey on hybrid MAC protocols for vehicular ad-hoc networks , 2016, Veh. Commun..

[84]  Luciano Bononi,et al.  Enhancing the performance of safety applications in IEEE 802.11p/WAVE Vehicular Networks , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM).

[85]  Choong Seon Hong,et al.  An Efficient and Fast Broadcast Frame Adjustment Algorithm in VANET , 2017, IEEE Communications Letters.

[86]  Chenglin Miao,et al.  R-MAC: Risk-Aware Dynamic MAC Protocol for Vehicular Cooperative Collision Avoidance System , 2013, Int. J. Distributed Sens. Networks.

[87]  Raghavendra Pal,et al.  Triggered CCHI Multichannel MAC protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks , 2018, Veh. Commun..

[88]  Qing Wang,et al.  A QoS Supported Multi-Channel MAC for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks , 2011, 2011 IEEE 73rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring).

[89]  Hans Peter Großmann,et al.  Cluster-based Medium Access Scheme for VANETs , 2007, 2007 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference.

[90]  Long Chen,et al.  An Adaptive Collision-Free MAC protocol based on TDMA for Inter-Vehicular communication , 2012, 2012 International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP).

[91]  Li Zhao,et al.  Vehicle-to-Everything (v2x) Services Supported by LTE-Based Systems and 5G , 2017, IEEE Communications Standards Magazine.

[92]  Dongkyun Kim,et al.  Dynamic Channel Coordination Schemes for IEEE 802.11p/1609 Vehicular Networks: A Survey , 2013, Int. J. Distributed Sens. Networks.

[93]  Samy El-Tawab,et al.  Towards Fault-Tolerant Job Assignment in Vehicular Cloud , 2015, 2015 IEEE International Conference on Services Computing.

[94]  Fan Yu,et al.  A Self Reorganizing MAC Protocol for Inter-vehicle Data Transfer Applications in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks , 2007, 10th International Conference on Information Technology (ICIT 2007).

[95]  Juan-Carlos Cano,et al.  A reliable token-based MAC protocol for V2V communication in urban VANET , 2016, 2016 IEEE 27th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC).

[96]  Maria Kihl.  Vehicular Network Applications and Services , 2009 .

[97]  Erik G. Ström,et al.  Radio Resource Management for D2D-Based V2V Communication , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.