Membrane Biological Reactors

Combining membrane technology with biological reactors for the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewaters has led to the development of three generic membrane processes within bioreactors: for separation and recycle of solids, for bubble-less aeration of the bioreactor, and for extraction of priority organic pollutants from hostile industrial wastewaters. Biosolid separation is, however, the most widely studied and has found full-scale applications in many countries. This chapter elaborates on the history, fundamentals, research and development challenges, as well as the commercial application of the biosolid-separation membrane biological reactor, which is commonly known as membrane bioreactor.

[1]  Giorgio Mannina,et al.  An integrated model for physical-biological wastewater organic removal in a submerged membrane bioreactor: Model development and parameter estimation , 2008 .

[2]  Graeme Pearce,et al.  Introduction to membranes — MBRs: Manufacturers' comparison: part 2 — supplier review , 2008 .

[3]  Kazuo Yamamoto,et al.  Optimal Fiber Spacing in Externally Pressurized Hollow Fiber Module for Solid Liquid Separation , 1992 .

[4]  Renbi Bai,et al.  MEMBRANE FOULING AND CLEANING IN MICROFILTRATION OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE WASTEWATER , 2003 .

[5]  J. Tay,et al.  Strategy for minimization of excess sludge production from the activated sludge process. , 2001, Biotechnology advances.

[6]  Kyung Hyun Ahn,et al.  Membrane Filtration Characteristics in Membrane-Coupled Activated Sludge System: The Effect of Floc Structure on Membrane Fouling , 1999 .

[7]  Franz-Bernd Frechen,et al.  Efficiency of mechanical pre-treatment on European MBR plants , 2009 .

[8]  Chihpin Huang,et al.  Behavior of Membrane Scaling During Crossflow Filtration in the Anaerobic MBR System , 2006 .

[9]  Gatze Lettinga,et al.  High rate sulfate reduction in a submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (SAMBaR) at high salinity , 2005 .

[10]  John A. Howell,et al.  Future of membranes and membrane reactors in green technologies and for water reuse , 2004 .

[11]  Anthony G. Fane,et al.  The effect of fibre diameter on filtration and flux distribution — relevance to submerged hollow fibre modules , 2001 .

[12]  Robert Dufresne,et al.  Étude comparative de flux et de performances lors du traitement d'effluent papetiers par bioréacteur à membranes , 1997 .

[13]  Yanling He,et al.  Comparison of the filtration characteristics between biological powdered activated carbon sludge and activated sludge in submerged membrane bioreactors , 2005 .

[14]  J.H.J.M. van der Graaf,et al.  Membrane bioreactor technology for wastewater treatment and reuse , 2006 .

[15]  Zhanfeng Cui,et al.  In situ 3D characterization of membrane fouling by yeast suspensions using two-photon femtosecond near infrared non-linear optical imaging , 2006 .

[16]  B. Lesjean,et al.  Towards standardisation of the MBR technology , 2008 .

[17]  Yoshihisa Narukami,et al.  Anaerobic digestion by a ceramic membrane enclosed reactor , 1991 .

[18]  Bruce E. Rittmann,et al.  Integration of performance, molecular biology and modeling to describe the activated sludge process , 1998 .

[19]  H. Flemming,et al.  Relevance of microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs)--Part I: Structural and ecological aspects. , 2001, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[20]  Thomas Wintgens,et al.  The importance of liquid phase analyses to understand fouling in membrane assisted activated sludge processes—six case studies of different European research groups , 2005 .

[21]  K. Nobe,et al.  Extraction of organic contaminants in aqueous solutions by pervaporation , 1987 .

[22]  Xiao-yan Li,et al.  Modelling of membrane fouling in a submerged membrane bioreactor , 2006 .

[23]  Anthony G. Fane,et al.  Submerged hollow fibre membrane module — design options and operational considerations , 2002 .

[24]  H. F. van der Roest,et al.  Upgrading and retrofitting of municipal wastewater treatment plants by means of membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology , 2008 .

[25]  Ingmar Nopens,et al.  Modelling the production and degradation of soluble microbial products (SMP) in membrane bioreactors (MBR). , 2008, Water research.

[26]  H F van der Roest,et al.  MBR-technology in municipal wastewater treatment: challenging the traditional treatment technologies. , 2002, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[27]  K. Fukushi,et al.  Development of a submerged membrane fungi reactor for textile wastewater treatment , 2006 .

[28]  Long D. Nghiem,et al.  Membrane bioreactor technology for decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse , 2007 .

[29]  Zhanfeng Cui,et al.  Membrane fouling by cell‐protein mixtures: In situ characterisation using multi‐photon microscopy , 2007, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[30]  Gianni Andreottola,et al.  Sub-critical fouling in a membrane bioreactor for municipal wastewater treatment: experimental investigation and mathematical modelling. , 2007, Water research.

[31]  Duu-Jong Lee,et al.  Intra-layer flow in fouling layer on membranes , 2007 .

[32]  N. Engelhardt,et al.  Integration of membrane filtration into the activated sludge process in municipal wastewater treatment , 1998 .

[33]  H. Flemming,et al.  Relevance of microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs)--Part II: Technical aspects. , 2001, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[34]  Jiti Zhou,et al.  Factors affecting the membrane performance in submerged membrane bioreactors , 2006 .

[35]  Munir Cheryan,et al.  Ultrafiltration and Microfiltration Handbook , 1998 .

[36]  Thomas Melin,et al.  Polymeric compounds in activated sludge supernatant -- Characterisation and retention mechanisms at a full-scale municipal membrane bioreactor. , 2007, Water research.

[37]  Xia Huang,et al.  Feasibility of employing ultrasound for on-line membrane fouling control in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor , 2008 .

[38]  Zhi-Kang Xu,et al.  Surface modification of polypropylene microporous membranes to improve their antifouling property in MBR: NH3 plasma treatment , 2005 .

[39]  Liu Liying,et al.  Study on the effect of flow maldistribution on the performance of the hollow fiber modules used in membrane distillation , 2003 .

[40]  H. Nagaoka,et al.  Influence of extracellular polymeric substances on nitrogen removal in an intermittently-aerated membrane bioreactor. , 2005, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[41]  F. Meng,et al.  Comparison of membrane fouling during short-term filtration of aerobic granular sludge and activated sludge. , 2007, Journal of environmental sciences.

[42]  Graeme Pearce,et al.  Introduction to membranes: An introduction to membrane bioreactors , 2008 .

[43]  Bao-Ku Zhu,et al.  Study on polypropylene hollow fiber based recirculated membrane bioreactor for treatment of municipal wastewater , 2005 .

[44]  W. Mues,et al.  Spacer fabric supported flat-sheet membranes: A new era of flat-sheet membrane technology☆ , 2010 .

[45]  N. Cicek,et al.  Hydrogen-dependent denitrification in an alternating anoxic-aerobic SBR membrane bioreactor. , 2005, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[46]  Zhou Jiti,et al.  Effect of Sludge Retention Time on Membrane Bio‐Fouling Intensity in a Submerged Membrane Bioreactor , 2006 .

[47]  Robert W. Field,et al.  Critical and sustainable fluxes: Theory, experiments and applications , 2006 .

[48]  G. Daigger,et al.  Effect of Alum Addition on the Performance of Submerged Membranes for Wastewater Treatment , 2004, Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation.

[49]  Harry Seah,et al.  New option of MBR-RO process for production of NEWater from domestic sewage , 2006 .

[50]  Bruce O. Mansell,et al.  COMPARISON OF TWO MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS AND AN ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANT WITH DUAL-MEDIA FILTRATION: NUTRIENT AND PRIORITY POLLUTENTS REMOVALS , 2004 .

[51]  K. Sirkar,et al.  Membrane solvent extraction removal of priority organic pollutants from aqueous waste streams , 1992 .

[52]  A G Fane,et al.  The role of membrane technology in sustainable decentralized wastewater systems. , 2005, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[53]  Claire Albasi,et al.  Role and variations of supernatant compounds in submerged membrane bioreactor fouling , 2005 .

[54]  Andrew G. Livingston,et al.  Novel membrane bioreactor for detoxification of VOC wastewaters: Biodegradation of 1,2-dichloroethane , 1995 .

[55]  Silke Schiewer,et al.  Critical flux aspect of air sparging and backflushing on membrane bioreactors , 2005 .

[56]  Franz-Bernd Frechen,et al.  Pre-Treatment of Municipal MBR Applications in Germany- Current Status and Treatment Efficiency , 2006 .

[57]  Y. Qian,et al.  Nitrification and mass balance with a membrane bioreactor for municipal wastewater treatment , 1996 .

[58]  Xia Huang,et al.  Improvement of membrane filterability of the mixed liquor in a membrane bioreactor by ozonation , 2008 .

[59]  Christian Fonade,et al.  Why and How Membrane Bioreactors with Unsteady Filtration Conditions Can Improve the Efficiency of Biological Processes , 2003, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[60]  A. Drews,et al.  Recent advances in membrane bioreactors (MBRs): membrane fouling and membrane material. , 2009, Water research.

[61]  D. P. Lawrence,et al.  Membrane Bioreactors for Municipal Wastewater Treatment , 2002 .

[62]  T Higuchi,et al.  Modeling prediction of membrane bioreactor process with the concept of soluble microbial product. , 2002, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[63]  Jinwoo Cho,et al.  Membrane fouling caused by extracellular polymeric substances during microfiltration processes , 2005 .

[64]  Pierre Aimar,et al.  A unifying model for concentration polarization, gel-layer formation and particle deposition in cross-flow membrane filtration of colloidal suspensions , 2002 .

[65]  Amy E. Childress,et al.  The forward osmosis membrane bioreactor: A low fouling alternative to MBR processes , 2009 .

[66]  Eran Friedler,et al.  Economic feasibility of on-site greywater reuse in multi-storey buildings , 2006 .

[67]  Bo Zhang,et al.  High-concentration food wastewater treatment by an anaerobic membrane bioreactor. , 2005, Water research.

[68]  N Cicek,et al.  Impact of soluble organic compounds on permeate flux in an aerobic membrane bioreactor , 2003, Environmental technology.

[69]  T. Stephenson,et al.  Hollow fibre bioreactor for wastewater treatment using bubbleless membrane aeration , 1994 .

[70]  Jae-Hoon Choi,et al.  A submerged nanofiltration membrane bioreactor for domestic wastewater treatment: the performance of cellulose acetate nanofiltration membranes for long-term operation , 2007 .

[71]  In-Chul Kim,et al.  Preparation and characterization of fouling-resistant TiO2 self-assembled nanocomposite membranes , 2006 .

[72]  Alain Grasmick,et al.  Membrane bioreactor: Distribution of critical flux throughout an immersed HF bundle , 2008 .

[73]  Aileen N.L. Ng,et al.  A mini-review of modeling studies on membrane bioreactor (MBR) treatment for municipal wastewaters , 2007 .

[74]  Graeme Pearce,et al.  Introduction to membranes–MBRs: Manufacturers' comparison: part 1 , 2008 .

[75]  Matthias Kraume,et al.  Membrane fouling - a review on the role of EPS , 2006 .

[76]  G. Amy,et al.  Toward a better identification of foulant species in MBR processes , 2008 .

[77]  Graeme Pearce,et al.  Introduction to membranes – MBRs: Manufacturers' comparison: part 3 – supplier review , 2008 .

[78]  M. Gao,et al.  Nitrification and sludge characteristics in a submerged membrane bioreactor on synthetic inorganic wastewater , 2004 .

[79]  Guocheng Du,et al.  Treatment of synthetic wastewater by a novel MBR with granular sludge developed for controlling membrane fouling , 2005 .

[80]  Chettiyappan Visvanathan,et al.  Membrane Separation Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment , 2000 .

[81]  Catherine Charcosset,et al.  Membrane processes in biotechnology: an overview. , 2006, Biotechnology advances.

[82]  Simon Judd,et al.  Low-Cost Membranes for Use in a Submerged MBR , 2001 .

[83]  Xianghua Wen,et al.  Ultrafiltration membrane bioreactor for urban wastewater reclamation , 2000 .

[84]  K. Fukushi,et al.  Removal of structurally different dyes in submerged membrane fungi reactor—Biosorption/PAC-adsorption, membrane retention and biodegradation , 2008 .

[85]  Zhiwei Wang,et al.  Membrane fouling in a submerged membrane bioreactor (MBR) under sub-critical flux operation : Membrane foulant and gel layer characterization , 2008 .

[86]  Kazuaki Yamagiwa,et al.  Activated sludge treatment of small-scale wastewater by a plunging liquid jet bioreactor with cross-flow filtration , 1991 .

[87]  Kazuo Yamamoto,et al.  Different fouling modes of submerged hollow-fiber and flat-sheet membranes induced by high strength wastewater with concurrent biofouling , 2005 .

[88]  K. Ahn,et al.  Microbial community in biofilm on membrane surface of submerged MBR: effect of in-line cleaning chemical agent. , 2005, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[89]  F. Wong,et al.  Enhancement of filterability in MBR achieved by improvement of supernatant and floc characteristics via filter aids addition. , 2008, Water research.

[90]  Fenglin Yang,et al.  Experimental study of domestic sewage treatment with a metal membrane bioreactor , 2005 .

[91]  Bruce E. Rittmann,et al.  Advanced analysis of membrane-bioreactor performance with aerobic-anoxic cycling , 1998 .

[92]  D. Bixio,et al.  The role of membrane processes in municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse , 2005 .

[93]  Y. Watanabe,et al.  Membrane biofouling in pilot-scale membrane bioreactors (MBRs) treating municipal wastewater: impact of biofilm formation. , 2007, Environmental science & technology.

[94]  Jean-Christophe Schrotter,et al.  Membrane-aided biological wastewater treatment — an overview of applied systems , 2004 .

[95]  Simon Judd,et al.  Critical flux determination by the flux-step method in a submerged membrane bioreactor , 2003 .

[96]  Anthony G. Fane,et al.  Low pressure membrane processes - doing more with less energy , 2005 .

[97]  Experimental Study and Design of a Submerged Membrane Distillation Bioreactor , 2009 .

[98]  Chung‐Hak Lee,et al.  Comparison of the filtration characteristics between attached and suspended growth microorganisms in submerged membrane bioreactor. , 2001, Water research.

[99]  S. Pillay,et al.  An anaerobic baffled reactor/membrane bioreactor (ABR/MBR) for on-site sanitation in low income areas , 2008 .

[100]  Huu Hao Ngo,et al.  Design of a generic control system for optimising back flush durations in a submerged membrane hybrid reactor , 2005 .

[101]  Yoshimasa Watanabe,et al.  Difference in membrane fouling in membrane bioreactors (MBRs) caused by membrane polymer materials , 2006 .

[102]  B. Rittmann,et al.  A unified theory for extracellular polymeric substances, soluble microbial products, and active and inert biomass. , 2002, Water research.

[103]  W. J. Davies,et al.  Intensified activated sludge process with submerged membrane microfiltration , 1998 .

[104]  Jan Hofman,et al.  Fiber failure frequency and causes of hollow fiber integrity loss , 2006 .

[105]  P A Vanrolleghem,et al.  Optimising the operation of a MBR pilot plant by quantitative analysis of the membrane fouling mechanism. , 2005, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[106]  Kyung-Min Yeon,et al.  Correlation between local TMP distribution and bio-cake porosity on the membrane in a submerged MBR , 2009 .

[107]  Chia-Chi Ho,et al.  Overview of Fouling Phenomena and Modeling Approaches for Membrane Bioreactors , 2006 .

[108]  Sangho Lee,et al.  Biofilm Structure and Extracellular Polymeric Substances in Low and High Dissolved Oxygen Membrane Bioreactors , 2006 .

[109]  C. R. Jenkins,et al.  Pure Oxygen Fixed Film Reactor , 1978 .

[110]  Fenglin Yang,et al.  Preparation and characterization of hydrophilic modification of polypropylene non-woven fabric by dip-coating PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) , 2008 .

[111]  K. Kimura,et al.  Influence of suspension viscosity and colloidal particles on permeability of membrane used in membrane bioreactor (MBR). , 2004, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[112]  H. W. van Verseveld,et al.  Aerobic domestic waste water treatment in a pilot plant with complete sludge retention by cross-flow filtration , 1995 .

[113]  Karl-Heinz Rosenwinkel,et al.  Sludge production in membrane bioreactors under different conditions , 2000 .

[114]  El Hani Bouhabila,et al.  Fouling characterisation in membrane bioreactors , 2001 .

[115]  Kazuo Yamamoto,et al.  Floc size distribution and bacterial activities in membrane separation activated sludge processes for small-scale wastewater treatment/reclamation , 1997 .

[116]  Kazuo Yamamoto,et al.  Household Membrane Bioreactor in Domestic Wastewater Treatment , 1993 .

[117]  Anthony G. Fane,et al.  Operation of Membrane Bioreactor with Powdered Activated Carbon Addition , 2006 .

[118]  Kazuo Yamamoto,et al.  Performance of an inclined-plate membrane bioreactor at zero excess sludge discharge , 2006 .

[119]  A. Konopka,et al.  Biodegradation of organic wastes containing surfactants in a biomass recycle reactor , 1996, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[120]  B. Jefferson,et al.  A comparison of submerged and sidestream tubular membrane bioreactor configurations , 2005 .

[121]  Wenshan Guo,et al.  Evaluation of a novel sponge-submerged membrane bioreactor (SSMBR) for sustainable water reclamation. , 2008, Bioresource technology.

[122]  A. Fane,et al.  Performance of individual fibers in a submerged hollow fiber bundle. , 2005, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[123]  M. Spérandio,et al.  Performances of a hybrid adsorption/submerged membrane biological process for toxic waste removal. , 2005, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[124]  Y Wu,et al.  Function of dynamic membrane in self-forming dynamic membrane coupled bioreactor. , 2005, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[125]  Zhi-Kang Xu,et al.  Surface modification of polypropylene microporous membrane to improve its antifouling property in MBR: CO2 plasma treatment , 2005 .

[126]  K. Ahn,et al.  Sequencing anoxic/anaerobic membrane bioreactor (SAM) pilot plant for advanced wastewater treatment , 2005 .

[127]  Pierre Le-Clech,et al.  Mechanical analysis of hollow fiber membrane integrity in water reuse applications , 2005 .

[128]  M. Cho,et al.  Potential and limitations of alum or zeolite addition to improve the performance of a submerged membrane bioreactor. , 2001, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[129]  Tae-Hyun Bae,et al.  Interpretation of fouling characteristics of ultrafiltration membranes during the filtration of membrane bioreactor mixed liquor , 2005 .

[130]  Tatsuki Ueda,et al.  Effects of aeration on suction pressure in a submerged membrane bioreactor , 1997 .

[131]  Tong Zhang,et al.  Effect of activated carbon on fouling of activated sludge filtration , 2006 .

[132]  E. Levänen,et al.  Separation of CTMP mill-activated sludge with ceramic membranes☆ , 2002 .

[133]  Seoktae Kang,et al.  Mitigated membrane fouling in a vertical submerged membrane bioreactor (VSMBR) , 2006 .

[134]  Chung-Hak Lee,et al.  Membrane coupled high-performance compact reactor: a new MBR system for advanced wastewater treatment. , 2005, Water research.

[135]  Devendra P. Saroj,et al.  Subcritical fouling behaviour modelling of membrane bioreactors for municipal wastewater treatment: The prediction of the time to reach critical operating condition , 2008 .

[136]  M. Kraume,et al.  Performance of a bioreactor with submerged membranes for aerobic treatment of municipal waste water. , 2002, Water research.

[137]  David M. Bagley,et al.  Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactors: Applications and Research Directions , 2006 .

[138]  Werner Fuchs,et al.  Optimization of operational parameters for a submerged membrane bioreactor treating dyehouse wastewater , 2005 .

[139]  Ulises Jáuregui-Haza,et al.  Modelling of submerged membrane bioreactor: Conceptual study about link between activated slugde biokinetics, aeration and fouling process , 2008 .

[140]  Jae-Hoon Choi,et al.  A novel application of a submerged nanofiltration membrane bioreactor (NF MBR) for wastewater treatment , 2002 .

[141]  K. Kekre,et al.  Membrane bioreactors for water reclamation. , 2005, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[142]  Sungpyo Hong,et al.  Fouling control in activated sludge submerged hollow fiber membrane bioreactors , 2002 .

[143]  Rui Liu,et al.  Hydrodynamic effect on sludge accumulation over membrane surfaces in a submerged membrane bioreactor , 2003 .

[144]  Anthony G. Fane,et al.  MBR focus: the operators' perspective , 2005 .

[145]  Xia Huang,et al.  Exerting ultrasound to control the membrane fouling in filtration of anaerobic activated sludge--mechanism and membrane damage. , 2008, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[146]  Harry Futselaar,et al.  NORIT AirLift MBR: side-stream system for municipal waste water treatment , 2007 .

[147]  Dianne E. Wiley,et al.  Factors influencing critical flux in membrane filtration of activated sludge , 1999 .

[148]  In-Soung Chang,et al.  Membrane filtration characteristics in membrane-coupled activated sludge system -- the effect of physiological states of activated sludge on membrane fouling , 1998 .

[149]  Sunny Wang,et al.  Direct observation of microbial adhesion to membranes. , 2005, Environmental science & technology.

[150]  J. H. van der Graaf,et al.  Occurrence of EPS in activated sludge from a membrane bioreactor treating municipal wastewater. , 2004, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[151]  K. Ahn,et al.  Treatment of household wastewater using an intermittently aerated membrane bioreactor , 1999 .

[152]  I. Kim,et al.  Comparison of membrane biofouling in nitrification and denitrification for the membrane bioreactor (MBR). , 2006, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[153]  Pierre Lucien Cote,et al.  Comparison of membrane options for water reuse and reclamation , 2004 .

[154]  Simon Judd,et al.  Membranes for industrial wastewater recovery and re-use , 2003 .

[155]  Hiroyuki Kobayashi,et al.  Pilot plant test of an activated sludge ultrafiltration combined process for domestic wastewater reclamation , 1977 .

[156]  D. Jeison,et al.  Cake formation and consolidation: Main factors governing the applicable flux in anaerobic submerged membrane bioreactors (AnSMBR) treating acidified wastewaters , 2007 .

[157]  Xianghua Wen,et al.  A KINETIC MODEL FOR THE PREDICTION OF SLUDGE FORMATION IN A MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR , 1999 .

[158]  Point source detoxification of an industrially produced 3,4-dichloroaniline-manufacture wastewater using a membrane bioreactor , 1993, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[159]  Seoktae Kang,et al.  Effect of Membrane Surface Properties During the Fast Evaluation of Cell Attachment , 2006 .

[160]  Enhancement of membrane permeability by gas-sparging in submerged hollow fibre ultrafiltration of macromolecular solutions: Role of module design , 2006 .

[161]  B Jefferson,et al.  Methods for understanding organic fouling in MBRs. , 2004, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[162]  Matthias Kraume,et al.  Filterability of activated sludge in membrane bioreactors , 2002 .

[163]  Changzhu Yang,et al.  Study of the influence of the electric field on membrane flux of a new type of membrane bioreactor , 2007 .

[164]  M. Kraume,et al.  Microbiological aspects of a bioreactor with submerged membranes for aerobic treatment of municipal wastewater. , 2002, Water research.

[165]  Simon Judd,et al.  Impact of aeration, solids concentration and membrane characteristics on the hydraulic performance of a membrane bioreactor , 2003 .

[166]  C. Xing.  Physical and biological characteristics of a tangential-flow MBR for municipal wastewater treatment , 2001 .

[167]  Per Halkjær Nielsen,et al.  Extraction of EPS , 1999 .

[168]  I. Chang,et al.  Wastewater treatment using membrane filtration—effect of biosolids concentration on cake resistance , 2005 .

[169]  Bruce E. Rittmann,et al.  Advanced Modeling of Mixed Populations of Heterotrophs and Nitrifiers Considering the Formation and Exchange of Soluble Microbial Products , 1992 .

[170]  N Cicek,et al.  Effect of solids retention time on the performance and biological characteristics of a membrane bioreactor. , 2001, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[171]  T. Melin,et al.  Impact of extra-cellular polymeric substances on the filterability of activated sludge in membrane bioreactors for landfill leachate treatment , 2005 .

[172]  M. W. Reij,et al.  Membrane bioreactor for waste gas treatment , 1997 .

[173]  T. Stephenson,et al.  Biomass Characteristics, Aeration and Oxygen Transfer in Membrane Bioreactors: Their Interrelations Explained by a Review of Aerobic Biological Processes , 2005 .

[174]  Simon Judd,et al.  Sub-critical flux fouling in membrane bioreactors : a review of recent literature , 2005 .

[175]  B. Lesjean,et al.  Survey of the European MBR market: trends and perspectives , 2008 .

[176]  Rui Liu,et al.  Operational performance of a submerged membrane bioreactor for reclamation of bath wastewater , 2005 .

[177]  A. Huyard,et al.  Bubble-free aeration using membranes: process analysis , 1988 .

[178]  S Adham,et al.  Feasibility of the membrane bioreactor process for water reclamation. , 2001, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[179]  R. Field,et al.  Critical flux concept for microfiltration fouling , 1995 .

[180]  A. Huyard,et al.  Membrane Bioreactor on Domestic Wastewater Treatment Sludge Production and Modeling Approach , 1991 .

[181]  H. D. Stensel,et al.  Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse , 2002 .

[182]  Pierre Côté,et al.  Immersed membrane activated sludge for the reuse of municipal wastewater , 1997 .

[183]  D. Bixioa,et al.  Wastewater reuse in Europe , 2005 .

[184]  Mehmet Kitis,et al.  Impacts of membrane flux enhancers on activated sludge respiration and nutrient removal in MBRs. , 2009, Water research.

[185]  Simon Judd,et al.  Membrane bioreactors and their role in wastewater reuse , 2000 .

[186]  H. Yamamura,et al.  Mechanism involved in the evolution of physically irreversible fouling in microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes used for drinking water treatment. , 2007, Environmental science & technology.

[187]  A. P. Togna,et al.  Membrane separation applications to biosystems for wastewater treatment , 2003 .

[188]  P Cornel,et al.  Membrane bioreactors in industrial wastewater treatment--European experiences, examples and trends. , 2006, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[189]  P. Wilderer,et al.  Biofilms growing on gas permeable membranes , 1994 .

[190]  Chettiyappan Visvanathan,et al.  Application of air backflushing technique in membrane bioreactor , 1997 .

[191]  Jens Meinhold,et al.  Biological modelling of MBR and impact of primary sedimentation , 2010 .

[192]  TorOve Leiknes,et al.  MBR : Technology gets timely EU cash boost , 2006 .

[193]  Simon Judd,et al.  The Impact of Intermittent Aeration on the Operation of Air‐Lift Tubular Membrane Bioreactors under Sub‐Critical Conditions , 2006 .

[194]  Bruce E. Rittmann,et al.  Aerobic biological treatment. Water treatment processes , 1987 .

[195]  Ronald van 't Oever,et al.  MBR focus: is submerged best? , 2005 .

[196]  J.H.J.M. van der Graaf,et al.  Filtration characterisation for assessing MBR performance: three cases compared , 2005 .

[197]  H. Nagaoka,et al.  Influence of bacterial extracellular polymers on the membrane separation activated sludge process , 1996 .

[198]  D. McDougald,et al.  Quorum-Sensing Inhibition , 2008 .

[199]  Masayuki Fukagawa,et al.  Fermentation Wastewater Treatment in a Membrane Bioreactor , 1999 .

[200]  K. Hata,et al.  Domestic wastewater treatment by a submerged membrane bioreactor with gravitational filtration , 1999 .

[201]  Fenglin Yang,et al.  Comparison between a sequencing batch membrane bioreactor and a conventional membrane bioreactor , 2006 .

[202]  P. Cote,et al.  The use of pervaporation for the removal of organic contaminants from water , 1990 .

[203]  R. Lovitt,et al.  Fouling strategies and the cleaning system of NF membranes and factors affecting cleaning efficiency , 2007 .

[204]  Galip Akay,et al.  Drinking water denitrification by a membrane bio-reactor. , 2002, Water research.

[205]  Vinod T. Kuberkar,et al.  Modeling of fouling reduction by secondary membranes , 2000 .

[206]  Daniel B. Oerther,et al.  Identifying pioneer bacterial species responsible for biofouling membrane bioreactors. , 2006, Environmental microbiology.

[207]  R. Dufresne,et al.  Comparative-Study on Fluxes and Performances During Paper-Mill Waste-Water Treatment with Membrane Bioreactor , 1997 .

[208]  S. Yamanishi,et al.  Modeling of biofouling by extracellular polymers in a membrane separation activated sludge system , 1998 .

[209]  Graeme Pearce,et al.  Introduction to membranes: Filtration for water and wastewater treatment , 2007 .

[210]  Chung-Hak Lee,et al.  Effect of Powdered Activated Carbon on the Performance of an Aerobic Membarane Bioreactor: Comparison between Cross‐Flow and Submerged Membrane Systems , 2003, Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation.

[211]  K Brindle,et al.  The application of membrane biological reactors for the treatment of wastewaters. , 2000, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[212]  M. Suidan,et al.  Effect of Phosphorus on Operation and Characteristics of MBR , 1999 .

[213]  Anthony G. Fane,et al.  Filtration of biomass with laboratory‐scale submerged hollow fibre modules – effect of operating conditions and module configuration , 2002 .

[214]  P. Wilderer,et al.  Application of gas permeable membranes for auxiliary oxygenation of sequencing batch reactors , 1985 .

[215]  Paul M. Sutton,et al.  MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT: THE STATE-OF-THE-ART BASED ON FULL SCALE COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS , 2003 .

[216]  D.J.H. Harmsen,et al.  Membrane fouling and process performance of forward osmosis membranes on activated sludge , 2008 .

[217]  TorOve Leiknes,et al.  The development of a biofilm membrane bioreactor , 2007 .

[218]  A. Fane,et al.  The use of gas bubbling to enhance membrane processes , 2003 .

[219]  Kazuo Yamamoto,et al.  Performance of a membrane biofilm reactor for denitrification with methane. , 2008, Bioresource technology.

[220]  Herbert H. P. Fang,et al.  Influences of Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) on Flocculation, Settling, and Dewatering of Activated Sludge , 2003 .

[221]  J. Newman,et al.  Activity, structure, and stratification of membrane-attached methanotrophic biofilms cometabolically degrading trichloroethylene , 1999 .

[222]  G Amy,et al.  Impact of colloidal and soluble organic material on membrane performance in membrane bioreactors for municipal wastewater treatment. , 2006, Water research.

[223]  Simon Judd,et al.  Membrane Fouling in Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment , 2002 .

[224]  Darko Joksimovic,et al.  Water reclamation and reuse: implementation and management issues , 2008 .

[225]  A. Grasmick,et al.  Influence of module configuration and hydrodynamics in water clarification by immersed membrane systems. , 2005, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[226]  Lei Ji,et al.  Influence of aeration on microbial polymers and membrane fouling in submerged membrane bioreactors , 2006 .

[227]  A. Grasmick,et al.  Floc size distribution in a membrane bioreactor and consequences for membrane fouling , 1998 .

[228]  K. Fukushi,et al.  Bacterial Community Structure on Membrane Surface and Characteristics of Strains Isolated from Membrane Surface in Submerged Membrane Bioreactor , 2006 .

[229]  C. Cabassud,et al.  Flux enhancement by a continuous tangential gas flow in ultrafiltration hollow fibres for drinking water production: Effects of slug flow on cake structure , 1997 .

[230]  Wen-Tso Liu,et al.  Biofilm formation characteristics of bacterial isolates retrieved from a reverse osmosis membrane. , 2005, Environmental science & technology.

[231]  Silke Schiewer,et al.  Long-term study of an intermittent air sparged MBR for synthetic wastewater treatment , 2005 .

[232]  Kazuo Yamamoto,et al.  Direct Solid-Liquid Separation Using Hollow Fiber Membrane in an Activated Sludge Aeration Tank , 1989 .

[233]  Anthony G. Fane,et al.  Fouling transients in nominally sub-critical flux operation of a membrane bioreactor , 2002 .

[234]  Silke Schiewer,et al.  Resistance analysis for enhanced wastewater membrane filtration , 2006 .

[235]  H. H. Fang,et al.  Pore fouling of microfiltration membranes by activated sludge , 2005 .

[236]  Zhi-Kang Xu,et al.  Photoinduced graft polymerization of acrylamide on polypropylene microporous membranes for the improvement of antifouling characteristics in a submerged membrane-bioreactor , 2007 .

[237]  Jinwoo Cho,et al.  Modeling of submerged membrane bioreactor process for wastewater treatment , 2002 .

[238]  C. Brepols,et al.  An aeration energy model for an immersed membrane bioreactor. , 2008, Water research.

[239]  John A. Howell.  Future research and developments in the membrane field , 2002 .

[240]  Robert H. Davis,et al.  The behavior of suspensions and macromolecular solutions in crossflow microfiltration , 1994 .

[241]  J N Chen,et al.  Application of a membrane bioreactor system for opto-electronic industrial wastewater treatment--a pilot study. , 2003, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[242]  D. Eikelboom,et al.  Sewage treatment by a low energy membrane bioreactor. , 2003, Bioresource technology.

[243]  Hang-Sik Shin,et al.  Sludge characteristics and their contribution to microfiltration in submerged membrane bioreactors , 2003 .

[244]  Andrew G. Livingston,et al.  Extractive membrane bioreactors for detoxification of chemical industry wastes: process development , 1998 .

[245]  W. V. D. Broek,et al.  Monitoring of SUR to control and enhance the performance of dead-end ultrafiltration installations treating wwtp effluent , 2008 .

[246]  Xiang Zheng,et al.  A pilot scale anoxic/oxic membrane bioreactor (A/O MBR) for woolen mill dyeing wastewater treatment. , 2003, Journal of environmental sciences.

[247]  Fenglin Yang,et al.  Application of fractal permeation model to investigate membrane fouling in membrane bioreactor , 2005 .

[248]  Alfons Vogelpohl,et al.  Wastewater treatment in a biological high-performance system with high biomass concentration , 1995 .

[249]  Jaeweon Cho,et al.  Steady-state modeling of bio-fouling potentials with respect to the biological kinetics in the submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) , 2006 .

[250]  Simon Judd,et al.  Air sparging of a submerged MBR for municipal wastewater treatment , 2002 .

[251]  Pierre Le-Clech,et al.  Fouling in membrane bioreactors used in wastewater treatment , 2006 .

[252]  C. Gokcay,et al.  Vacuum membrane applications in domestic wastewater reuse , 2007 .

[253]  D. Bagley,et al.  A Review of Biofouling and its Control in Membrane Separation Bioreactors , 2004, Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation.

[254]  RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY FOR WASTEWATER REUSE , 2004 .

[255]  A. Livingston,et al.  A novel membrane bioreactor for detoxifying industrial wastewater: II. Biodegradation of 3‐chloronitrobenzene in an industrially produced wastewater , 1993, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[256]  Simon Judd,et al.  Membrane bioreactors for use in small wastewater treatment plants: membrane materials and effluent quality , 2000 .

[257]  G Amy,et al.  Correlation between membrane fouling and soluble/colloidal organic substances in membrane bioreactors for municipal wastewater treatment. , 2005, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[258]  Chung‐Hak Lee,et al.  Characteristics of microfiltration membranes in a membrane coupled sequencing batch reactor system. , 2003, Water research.

[259]  Andrew G. Livingston,et al.  Biological detoxification of a 3-chloronitrobenzene manufacture wastewater in an extractive membrane bioreactor , 1994 .

[260]  H Aya.  Modular membranes for self-contained reuse system , 1994 .

[261]  A. Livingston,et al.  Extractive membrane bioreactors: a new process technology for detoxifying chemical industry wastewaters. , 1994, Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology.

[262]  Vicki Chen,et al.  Fibre movement induced by bubbling using submerged hollow fibre membranes , 2006 .

[263]  N. Ghaffour,et al.  Flux enhancement by using helical baffles in ultrafiltration of suspended solids , 2004 .

[264]  Anthony G. Fane,et al.  A novel membrane bioreactor based on membrane distillation , 2008 .

[265]  Jaime Benítez,et al.  Stabilization and dewatering of wastewater using hollow fiber membranes , 1995 .

[266]  M Jekel,et al.  Development of a continuous protein and polysaccharide measurement method by sequential injection analysis for application in membrane bioreactor systems. , 2007, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[267]  Michel Y. Jaffrin,et al.  Contribution of various constituents of activated sludge to membrane bioreactor fouling , 2000 .

[268]  Kazuo Yamamoto,et al.  Performance of newly developed hollow fiber module with spacer in integrated anaerobic–aerobic fungi reactor treating textile wastewater , 2006 .

[269]  W. R. Ross,et al.  Practical Application of the ADUF Process to the Full-Scale Treatment of a Maize-Processing Effluent , 1992 .

[270]  C. Brepols,et al.  Modelling of a membrane bioreactor system for municipal wastewater treatment , 2003 .

[271]  Bonnie L Bassler,et al.  Chemical communication among bacteria , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[272]  Simon Judd.  Submerged membrane bioreactors: flat plate or hollow fibre? , 2002 .

[273]  G. Leslie,et al.  Membrane Bioreactors ( MBR ) for Municipal Wastewater Treatment – An Australian Perspective , 2004 .

[274]  S. Vigneswaran,et al.  Modeling and optimizing submerged hollow fiber membrane modules , 2002 .

[275]  Nazim Cicek,et al.  Characterization and Comparison of a Membrane Bioreactor and a Conventional Activated‐Sludge System in the Treatment of Wastewater Containing High‐Molecular‐Weight Compounds , 1999 .

[276]  Alain Grasmick,et al.  Membrane bioreactor fouling in sub-critical filtration conditions: a local critical flux concept , 2004 .

[277]  Yoshimasa Watanabe,et al.  Membrane fouling in pilot-scale membrane bioreactors (MBRs) treating municipal wastewater. , 2005, Environmental science & technology.

[278]  Matthias Wessling,et al.  The effect of WWTP effluent zeta-potential on direct nanofiltration performance , 2005 .

[279]  S. Chae,et al.  Development of an innovative vertical submerged membrane bioreactor (VSMBR) for simultaneous removal of organic matter and nutrients. , 2006, Water research.

[280]  Nanping Xu,et al.  Study on ceramic membrane bioreactor with turbulence promoter , 2003 .

[281]  Clifford W. Randall,et al.  Biological process design for wastewater treatment , 1980 .

[282]  J. Lai,et al.  Membrane biofouling by extracellular polymeric substances or soluble microbial products from membrane bioreactor sludge , 2007, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[283]  M. Spérandio,et al.  Fouling characterization in aerobic granulation coupled baffled membrane separation unit , 2008 .

[284]  Frank Lipnizki,et al.  PERVAPORATION-BASED HYBRID PROCESSES IN TREATING PHENOLIC WASTEWATER: TECHNICAL ASPECTS AND COST ENGINEERING , 2001 .

[285]  Peter Cornel,et al.  State of the art on MBRs in Europe , 2003 .

[286]  Kai Zhang,et al.  Effect of Permeate Flux and Tangential Flow on Membrane Fouling for Wastewater Treatment , 2005 .

[287]  O. Wanner,et al.  Degradation of Xylene by a Biofilm Growing on a Gas-Permeable Membrane , 1992 .

[288]  S. Tsai,et al.  Effects of flux enhancing polymer on the characteristics of sludge in membrane bioreactor process. , 2005, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[289]  Kazuo Yamamoto,et al.  Fouling resistant compact hollow-fiber module with spacer for submerged membrane bioreactor treating high strength industrial wastewater , 2008 .

[290]  A. Drews,et al.  Influence of unsteady membrane bioreactor operation on EPS formation and filtration resistance , 2006 .

[291]  Willy Verstraete,et al.  Reduced sludge production in a two-stage membrane-assisted bioreactor , 2000 .

[292]  Menachem Elimelech,et al.  Antifouling nanofiltration membranes for membrane bioreactors from self-assembling graft copolymers , 2006 .

[293]  T Higuchi,et al.  A model for membrane bioreactor process based on the concept of formation and degradation of soluble microbial products. , 2001, Water research.

[294]  Zhen Zhou,et al.  Research and applications of membrane bioreactors in China: Progress and prospect , 2008 .

[295]  Kyung-Min Yeon,et al.  Hydrodynamics and microbial physiology affecting performance of a new MBR, membrane-coupled high-performance compact reactor , 2005 .

[296]  N. Cicek,et al.  Incorporating membrane gas diffusion into a membrane bioreactor for hydrogenotrophic denitrification of groundwater. , 2005, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[297]  Chung‐Hak Lee,et al.  Factors affecting filtration characteristics in membrane-coupled moving bed biofilm reactor. , 2006, Water research.

[298]  Mei-Ling Chong,et al.  Community structure of microbial biofilms associated with membrane-based water purification processes as revealed using a polyphasic approach , 2004, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[299]  Feng Zhang,et al.  Membrane fouling control in a submerged membrane bioreactor with porous, flexible suspended carriers , 2006 .

[300]  F. Meng,et al.  Effect of filamentous bacteria on membrane fouling in submerged membrane bioreactor , 2006 .

[301]  A. Drews,et al.  Potential and Drawbacks of Microbiology-Membrane Interaction in Membrane Bioreactors , 2005 .

[302]  Haluk Beyenal,et al.  Quorum sensing: a new biofouling control paradigm in a membrane bioreactor for advanced wastewater treatment. , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[303]  Y. Zhang,et al.  Comparison of nitrification performance and microbial community between submerged membrane bioreactor and conventional activated sludge system. , 2005, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[304]  Xia Huang,et al.  Effect of DO concentration on biofilm structure and membrane filterability in submerged membrane bioreactor. , 2006, Water research.

[305]  Guojun Zhang,et al.  Adsorptive fouling of extracellular polymeric substances with polymeric ultrafiltration membranes , 2008 .

[306]  M. Jaffrin,et al.  Reversibility of fouling formed in activated sludge filtration , 1999 .