Tutorial: The Nature of Transport Calculations Used in Radiation Oncology

Hose coupling of the kind having at least two axially interconnectable members, with retaining means for releasably interconnecting at least one pair of the members, comprising a plug portion and a connector portion, and a manually operable pressure member slightly protruding from the connector portion for releasing the interconnection between the plug and the connector portions; wherein the plug portion has a shank region with a circumferential groove therein; while the connector portion has at least one recess therein, with a corresponding number of claws in the latter, that are part of the retaining means, adapted to engage the groove in the shank region of the plug portion. The invention also relates to a handle-shaped embodiment of the plug portion, and to a distribution box that can have several outlet branches. Any of the inventive members of the hose coupling may have a hose clamp attached thereto, leading to an external consumer point.

[1]  P. Andreo.  Monte Carlo techniques in medical radiation physics. , 1991, Physics in medicine and biology.

[2]  Anders Brahme,et al.  An overview of the transport theory of charged particles , 1993 .

[3]  K R Shortt,et al.  Electron beam dose distributions near standard inhomogeneities , 1986 .

[4]  A L Boyer,et al.  Calculation of photon dose distributions in an inhomogeneous medium using convolutions. , 1986, Medical physics.

[5]  J J Battista,et al.  Dose calculations using convolution and superposition principles: the orientation of dose spread kernels in divergent x-ray beams. , 1993, Medical physics.

[6]  K R Hogstrom,et al.  Pencil-beam redefinition algorithm for electron dose distributions. , 1991, Medical physics.

[7]  J. Wong,et al.  On methods of inhomogeneity corrections for photon transport. , 1990, Medical physics.

[8]  M R Sontag,et al.  The equivalent tissue-air ratio method for making absorbed dose calculations in a heterogeneous medium. , 1978, Radiology.

[9]  A. Ahnesjö.  Collapsed cone convolution of radiant energy for photon dose calculation in heterogeneous media. , 1989, Medical physics.

[10]  D. Perry,et al.  A model for calculating the effects of small inhomogeneities on electron beam dose distributions. , 1979, Medical physics.

[11]  P. Almond,et al.  Electron beam dose calculations , 1981, Physics in medicine and biology.

[12]  A. Brahme,et al.  Calculation and application of point spread functions for treatment planning with high energy photon beams. , 1987, Acta oncologica.

[13]  H Huizenga,et al.  Numerical calculation of energy deposition by broad high-energy electron beams: II. Multi-layered geometry , 1992 .

[14]  Electron beam dose planning using Gaussian beams. Energy and spatial scaling with inhomogeneities. , 1985, Acta radiologica. Oncology.

[15]  T. Bortfeld,et al.  Decomposition of pencil beam kernels for fast dose calculations in three-dimensional treatment planning. , 1993, Medical physics.

[16]  T. Mackie,et al.  MMC--a high-performance Monte Carlo code for electron beam treatment planning. , 1995, Physics in medicine and biology.

[17]  J J Battista,et al.  Generation of photon energy deposition kernels using the EGS Monte Carlo code. , 1988, Physics in medicine and biology.

[18]  F. Khan,et al.  A model for calculating electron beam scattering in treatment planning. , 1982, Medical physics.

[19]  S Walker,et al.  Electron dose calculation using multiple-scattering theory: evaluation of a new model for inhomogeneities. , 1992, Medical physics.

[20]  Pascal R.M. Storchi,et al.  SCIENTIFIC NOTE: On a numerical approach of the pencil beam model , 1985 .

[21]  J. E. O'Connor.  The variation of scattered x-rays with density in an irradiated body. , 1957, Physics in medicine and biology.

[22]  D Jette,et al.  Electron dose calculation using multiple-scattering theory. A. Gaussian multiple-scattering theory. , 1988, Medical physics.

[23]  M. Rozenfeld,et al.  The application of multiple scattering theory to therapeutic electron dosimetry. , 1983, Medical physics.

[24]  W. Huda,et al.  Application of Fermi scattering theory to a magnetically scanned electron linear accelerator. , 1988, Medical physics.

[25]  G. Lawrence.  Recent advances in radiation oncology. , 1978, Indian journal of cancer.

[26]  N Papanikolaou,et al.  Investigation of the convolution method for polyenergetic spectra. , 1993, Medical physics.

[27]  M R Sontag,et al.  Corrections to absorbed dose calculations for tissue inhomogeneities. , 1977, Medical physics.

[28]  J. Battista,et al.  A convolution method of calculating dose for 15-MV x rays. , 1985, Medical physics.

[29]  E. Mok,et al.  A photon dose distribution model employing convolution calculations. , 1985, Medical physics.

[30]  Dose calculations for high energy electron and photon beams. , 1989, Computerized medical imaging and graphics : the official journal of the Computerized Medical Imaging Society.

[31]  A. Elevelt,et al.  Calculation of electron beam dose distributions for arbitrarily shaped fields. , 1983, Physics in medicine and biology.

[32]  I. Lax,et al.  Electron beam dose planning using discrete Gaussian beams. Mathematical background. , 1981, Acta radiologica. Oncology.

[33]  A Bielajew,et al.  Electron dose calculation using multiple-scattering theory: second-order multiple-scattering theory. , 1989, Medical physics.

[34]  P R Storchi,et al.  Numerical calculation of energy deposition by high-energy electron beams: III. Three-dimensional heterogeneous media. , 1994, Physics in medicine and biology.

[35]  Leonard Eyges,et al.  Multiple Scattering with Energy Loss , 1948 .

[36]  W. Nelson,et al.  Monte Carlo Transport of Electrons and Photons , 1988 .

[37]  I. Lax.  Inhomogeneity corrections in electron-beam dose planning. Limitations with the semi-infinite slab approximation. , 1986, Physics in medicine and biology.

[38]  J W Wong,et al.  A multiray model for calculating electron pencil beam distribution. , 1988, Medical physics.

[39]  A Brahme,et al.  Current algorithms for computed electron beam dose planning. , 1985, Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology.

[40]  E. Larsen,et al.  The Fermi pencil beam approximation , 1995 .

[41]  R. Mohan,et al.  Differential pencil beam dose computation model for photons. , 1986, Medical physics.

[42]  P R Storchi,et al.  Numerical calculation of energy deposition by broad high-energy electron beams. , 1989, Physics in medicine and biology.