Eye movements both reveal and influence problem solving

Within the context of the theory of embodied cognition, our most frequent motor movements — eye movements — are sure to play an important role in our cognitive processes. Not only do eye move- ments provide the experimenter with a special window into these cognitive processes, they provide the individual with a way to modify their cognitive processes. This chapter examines this dual role of eye movements (both revealing and modifying cognition) in a variety of problem solving tasks. Experimenters can better understand the underlying cognitive processes that are involved in prob- lem solving by recording eye movement patterns, and individuals can better perform their problem solving when they produce the right eye movement patterns.

[1]  G. Rizzolatti,et al.  Orienting of attention and eye movements , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[2]  J. O'Regan,et al.  Solving the "real" mysteries of visual perception: the world as an outside memory. , 1992, Canadian journal of psychology.

[3]  Saul Amarel,et al.  On representations of problems of reasoning about actions , 1968 .

[4]  P. Suppes,et al.  A model of eye movements and visual working memory during problem solving in geometry , 2001, Vision Research.

[5]  James A. Dixon,et al.  On the spontaneous discovery of a mathematical relation during problem solving , 2004, Cogn. Sci..

[6]  Teenie Matlock,et al.  Do eye movements go with fictive motion , 2004 .

[7]  M. S. Mayzner,et al.  Cognition And Reality , 1976 .

[8]  Michael P. Kaschak,et al.  The Body's Contribution to Language , 2003 .

[9]  H. Dreyfus.  What Computers Can't Do: The Limits of Artificial Intelligence , 1978 .

[10]  M. Hegarty,et al.  Comprehension of arithmetic word problems: A comparison of successful and unsuccessful problem solvers. , 1995 .

[11]  M. Just,et al.  Constructing mental models of machines from text and diagrams. , 1993 .

[12]  John R. Searle,et al.  Minds, brains, and programs , 1980, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[13]  J. Gold,et al.  Representation of a perceptual decision in developing oculomotor commands , 2000, Nature.

[14]  E. Corte,et al.  Solving Compare Problems: An Eye-Movement Test of Lewis and Mayer's Consistency Hypothesis , 2007 .

[15]  Daniel C. Richardson,et al.  Thinking outside the brain: Spatial indices to visual and linguistic Information. , 2004 .

[16]  John R. Anderson,et al.  Automated Eye-Movement Protocol Analysis , 2001, Hum. Comput. Interact..

[17]  Daniel C. Richardson,et al.  Much ado about eye movements to nothing: a response to Ferreira et al.: Taking a new look at looking at nothing , 2009, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[18]  Michael J. Spivey,et al.  The Continuity Of Mind , 2008 .

[19]  Z. Pylyshyn.  The role of location indexes in spatial perception: A sketch of the FINST spatial-index model , 1989, Cognition.

[20]  J. Henderson,et al.  Taking a new look at looking at nothing , 2008, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[21]  Michael J. Spivey,et al.  Oculomotor mechanisms activated by imagery and memory: eye movements to absent objects , 2001, Psychological research.

[22]  Lawrence W. Barsalou,et al.  Perceptions of perceptual symbols , 1999, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[23]  Bradford Z. Mahon,et al.  A critical look at the embodied cognition hypothesis and a new proposal for grounding conceptual content , 2008, Journal of Physiology-Paris.

[24]  D. E. Irwin,et al.  Attention on our mind: the role of spatial attention in visual working memory. , 2011, Acta psychologica.

[25]  Edward M. Bowden,et al.  Getting the Right Idea: Semantic Activation in the Right Hemisphere May Help Solve Insight Problems , 1998 .

[26]  L. Barsalou.  Grounded cognition. , 2008, Annual review of psychology.

[27]  Gary E. Raney,et al.  An eye movement study of insight problem solving , 2001, Memory & cognition.

[28]  Daniel C. Richardson,et al.  The movement of eye and hand as a window into language and cognition , 2009 .

[29]  M. Sanders,et al.  Eye Movements and the Higher Psychological Functions , 1979 .

[30]  Michael P. Kaschak,et al.  Grounding language in action , 2002, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[31]  Randy Goebel,et al.  Computational intelligence - a logical approach , 1998 .

[32]  T. Ormerod,et al.  Information processing and insight: a process model of performance on the nine-dot and related problems. , 2001 .

[33]  A. L. I︠A︡rbus.  Eye Movements and Vision , 1967 .

[34]  T. Matlock.  Fictive motion as cognitive simulation , 2004, Memory & cognition.

[35]  M. Hegarty.  Mental animation: inferring motion from static displays of mechanical systems. , 1992, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[36]  E T Rolls,et al.  Sparseness of the neuronal representation of stimuli in the primate temporal visual cortex. , 1995, Journal of neurophysiology.

[37]  G. Regehr,et al.  Intuition in the context of discovery , 1990, Cognitive Psychology.

[38]  Daniel C. Richardson,et al.  Multimodal events and moving locations: eye movements of adults and 6-month-olds reveal dynamic spatial indexing. , 2004, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[39]  Ivan I. Vankov.  Mind the gap: the cost of looking at nothing, or the performance implications of memory-induced attention shifts , 2009 .

[40]  Michael J. Spivey,et al.  Continuous attraction toward phonological competitors. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[41]  A. Noë,et al.  A sensorimotor account of vision and visual consciousness. , 2001, The Behavioral and brain sciences.

[42]  Stephen M. Kosslyn,et al.  Mental imagery: against the nihilistic hypothesis , 2003, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[43]  Michael J. Spivey,et al.  Mechanical Reasoning about Gear-and-belt Diagrams: Do Eye-movements Predict Performance? , 2002, Diagrammatic Representation and Reasoning.

[44]  I. Pressman,et al.  The jealous husbands and The missionaries and cannibals , 1989, The Mathematical Gazette.

[45]  Christian Lebiere,et al.  Behavioral and Brain Sciences Cognitive Architectures Combine Formal and Heuristic Approaches Powered by Editorial Manager® and Preprint Manager® from Aries Systems Corporation , 2012 .

[46]  Daniel C. Richardson,et al.  When facts go down the rabbit hole: Contrasting features and objecthood as indexes to memory , 2008, Cognition.

[47]  Yuki Kamide,et al.  Now you see it, now you don't: mediating the mapping between language and the visual world , 2004 .

[48]  Barry H. Cohen,et al.  Evidence for image-scanning eye movements during transitive inference , 1998, Biological Psychology.

[49]  E. Hess,et al.  Pupil Size in Relation to Mental Activity during Simple Problem-Solving , 1964, Science.

[50]  Teenie Matlock,et al.  The integration of figurative language and static depictions: An eye movement study of fictive motion , 2007, Cognition.

[51]  R. Ilmoniemi,et al.  Functional links between motor and language systems , 2005, The European journal of neuroscience.

[52]  M. Just,et al.  Cognitive coordinate systems: accounts of mental rotation and individual differences in spatial ability. , 1985, Psychological review.

[53]  K. A. Ericsson,et al.  Protocol Analysis: Verbal Reports as Data , 1984 .

[54]  L. Stark,et al.  Spontaneous Eye Movements During Visual Imagery Reflect the Content of the Visual Scene , 1997, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[55]  Damian G. Stephen,et al.  The dynamics of insight: Mathematical discovery as a phase transition , 2009, Memory & cognition.

[56]  Michael J. Spivey,et al.  The enactment of language: Decades of interactions between linguistic and motor processes , 2009, Language and Cognition.

[57]  H. Simon,et al.  The functional equivalence of problem solving skills , 1975, Cognitive Psychology.

[58]  S. Kosslyn,et al.  When is early visual cortex activated during visual mental imagery? , 2003, Psychological bulletin.

[59]  Michael J. Spivey,et al.  Eye Movements and Problem Solving , 2003, Psychological science.

[60]  A NEWELL,et al.  Computer simulation of human thinking. , 1961, Science.

[61]  Arthur C. Graesser,et al.  Question asking and eye tracking during cognitive disequilibrium: Comprehending illustrated texts on devices when the devices break down , 2005, Memory & cognition.

[62]  John E. Laird,et al.  Bimodal Spatial Reasoning with Continuous Motion , 2008, AAAI.

[63]  A. Newell.  Unified Theories of Cognition , 1990 .

[64]  Daniel C. Richardson,et al.  Representation, space and Hollywood Squares: looking at things that aren't there anymore , 2000, Cognition.

[65]  Bruno Laeng,et al.  Eye scanpaths during visual imagery reenact those of perception of the same visual scene , 2002, Cogn. Sci..

[66]  L. Carlson,et al.  Spatial Reasoning , 2010 .

[67]  Laura E. Thomas,et al.  Moving eyes and moving thought: On the spatial compatibility between eye movements and cognition , 2007, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[68]  J. Gold,et al.  The neural basis of decision making. , 2007, Annual review of neuroscience.

[69]  Adrian M. Owen,et al.  The Strategic Control of Gaze Direction in the Tower of London Task , 2000, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[70]  Rajesh P. N. Rao,et al.  Embodiment is the foundation, not a level , 1996, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[71]  A. Clark.  Being There: Putting Brain, Body, and World Together Again , 1996 .

[72]  Alejandro Lleras,et al.  Covert shifts of attention function as an implicit aid to insight , 2009, Cognition.

[73]  Michael J. Spivey,et al.  Continuous Dynamics in Real-Time Cognition , 2006 .