Stylistic Components of Human Judgment: The Generality of Individual Differences

In an effort to discover the generality of individual differences in judgmental processes, 12 potential styles were assessed from the predictions made by 86 judges across two or four replications of each of four judgmental tasks. The analyses focused on the internal consistency (across replica tions, within occasions), temporal stability (across occasions, within tasks), and intertask congruence of each of the judgmental variables. The findings suggested that five variables—linear predictability, judgmental consistency, subjective complexity, dif ferentiation, and confidence—have sufficiem generality to assume the provisional status of judg mental styles. Highly significant relationships were found, for male though not for female judges, be tween each of the provisional styles and a number of personological and demographic variables, in cluding scales from the MMPI, CPI, EPPS, and SVIB.

[1]  Lawrence E. Jones,et al.  Structure of a social environment: Longitudinal individual differences scaling of an intact group. , 1972 .

[2]  P. Hoffman,et al.  Dimensions Of Profile Judgments As A Function Of Instructions, Cue-Consistency And Individual Differences , 1968 .

[3]  Lewis R. Goldberg,et al.  Man versus model of man: A rationale, plus some evidence, for a method of improving on clinical inferences. , 1970 .

[4]  P. Hoffman.  The paramorphic representation of clinical judgment. , 1960, Psychological bulletin.

[5]  N. Wiggins.  Individual Differences in Diagnostic Judgments of Psychosis and Neurosis from the MMPI , 1971 .

[6]  P. Hoffman,et al.  Types of judges and cue utilization in judgments of intelligence. , 1969, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[7]  D. Hamilton,et al.  Personality attributes associated with extreme response style. , 1968, Psychological bulletin.

[8]  L. Tucker.  A SUGGESTED ALTERNATIVE FORMULATION IN THE DEVELOPMENTS BY HURSCH, HAMMOND, AND HURSCH, AND BY HAMMOND, HURSCH, AND TODD. , 1964, Psychological review.

[9]  A. Tversky,et al.  On the psychology of prediction , 1973 .

[10]  M. Wish.  Differences in Conceptual Structures of Nations: An Exploratory Study. , 1970 .

[11]  L. Tucker,et al.  An individual differences model for multidimensional scaling , 1963 .

[12]  R. Nichols,et al.  Factor scales for the California psychological inventory. , 1963, Journal of consulting psychology.

[13]  J. Chang,et al.  Analysis of individual differences in multidimensional scaling via an n-way generalization of “Eckart-Young” decomposition , 1970 .

[14]  J. Altrocchi,et al.  THE PERSONALITY OF THE PERCEIVER AS A FACTOR IN PERSON PERCEPTION. , 1964, Psychological bulletin.

[15]  R. C. Sherman,et al.  Liberalism-conservatism and dimensional salience in the perception of political figures. , 1972 .

[16]  Eva Nick,et al.  The dependability of behavioral measurements: theory of generalizability for scores and profiles , 1973 .

[17]  L. R. Goldberg,et al.  Comparative validity of different strategies of constructing personality inventory scales. , 1967, Psychological bulletin.

[18]  L. R. Goldberg.  Simple models or simple processes? Some research on clinical judgments. , 1968, The American psychologist.

[19]  H. A. Walters,et al.  Group And Individual Regularities In Trait Inference: A Multidimensional Scaling Analysis. , 1966, Multivariate behavioral research.

[20]  L. R. Goldberg,et al.  The effectiveness of clinicians' judgments; the diagnosis of organic brain damage from the Bender-Gestalt test. , 1959, Journal of consulting psychology.

[21]  R. Sherman.  INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN PERCEIVED TRAIT RELATIONSHIPS AS A FUNCTION OF DIMENSIONAL SALIENCE. , 1972, Multivariate behavioral research.

[22]  E. Posavac.  Dimensions of trait preferences and personality type. , 1971, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[23]  J. Block,et al.  Some personality correlates of confidence, caution, and speed in a decision situation. , 1955, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[24]  K. R. Hammond,et al.  ANALYZING THE COMPONENTS OF CLINICAL INFERENCE. , 1964, Psychological review.

[25]  D. Campbell,et al.  Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. , 1959, Psychological bulletin.

[26]  Generality of speed and confidence of judgment. , 1957, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[27]  Kenneth B. Little.  Confidence and Reliability , 1961 .

[28]  Paul Slovic,et al.  Comparison of Bayesian and Regression Approaches to the Study of Information Processing in Judgment. , 1971 .

[29]  S. Messick,et al.  Personality Consistencies In Judgment : Dimensions Of Role Constructs. , 1966, Multivariate behavioral research.

[30]  Robert J. Wherry,et al.  The Use of Simulated Stimuli and the "Jan" Technique to Capture and Cluster the Policies of Raters , 1965 .

[31]  K. R. Hammond,et al.  The generality of accuracy and response sets in interpersonal perception. , 1957, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[32]  Daniel Kahneman,et al.  Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability , 1973 .

[33]  R. Shikiar,et al.  INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN SEMANTIC SPACE: A REPLICATION AND EXTENSION. , 1974, Multivariate behavioral research.

[34]  D. M. Pedersen,et al.  THE MEASUREMENT OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN PERCEIVED PERSONALITY-TRAIT RELATIONSHIPS AND THEIR RELATION TO CERTAIN DETERMINANTS. , 1965, The Journal of social psychology.

[35]  W. Edwards.  Optimal strategies for seeking information: Models for statistics, choice reaction times, and human information processing ☆ , 1965 .

[36]  Donald B. Rubin,et al.  The Dependability of Behavioral Measurements: Theory of Generalizability for Scores and Profiles. , 1974 .

[37]  L. R. Goldberg.  The Reliability of Reliability: The Generality and Correlates of Intra-Individual Consistency in Responses to Structured Personality Inventories , 1978 .