Soil liquefaction studies in Japan: state-of-the-art

Abstract This paper describes the state-of-the-art of studies on earthquake-induced soil liquefaction, with emphasis on experimental results and practical applications through investigations conducted at the Public Works Research Institute in Japan. Following a brief introductory review on previous studies of soil liquefaction, a case history of soil liquefaction during a number of past Japanese earthquakes is summarized. A practical procedure for assessing occurrence of soil liquefaction is proposed, and a procedure for accounting for degree of soil liquefaction is discussed. The procedures can be employed for taking into account the effects of soil liquefaction in structural designing and microzoning. Some examples of the applications are shown. Then, results of shaking table test s on the effects of soil liquefaction on pile foundations and earth embankments are described. Furthermore, several examples of counter measures for reducing the soil liquefaction effects are introduced. Finally, provisions of soil liquefaction specified in current seismic design codes for various structures are summarized. In the conclusions of this paper future subjects on soil liquefaction to be studied are pointed out.

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