Artificial Intelligence in Education: 21st International Conference, AIED 2020, Ifrane, Morocco, July 6–10, 2020, Proceedings, Part I

The head of the Institute of Education Sciences is asking about how to use platform to increase education sciences. We have been addressing this. So how do you use platforms like EdX, Khan Academy, Canvas to improve science? There is a crisis in American Science referred to as the Reproducibility Crisis where many experimental results are not able to be reproduced. We are trying to address this crisis by helping “good science” to be done. People that control platforms have a responsibility to try to make them useful tools for learning what works. In Silicon Valley, every company is doing AB Testing to refine their individual products. That, in and of itself, is a good thing and we should use these platforms to figure out how to make them more effective. One of the ways we should do that is by experimenting with different ways of helping students succeed. ASSISTments, a platform I have created, with 50,000 middle-school math students, is used to help scientists run studies. I will explain how we have over 100 experiments running inside the ASSISTments platform and how the ASSISTment-sTestBed.org allows external researchers to propose studies. I will also explain how proper oversight is done by our Institutional Review Board. Further, I will explain how users of this platform agree ahead of time to Open-Science procedures such as open-data, open-materials, and pre-registration. I’ll illustrate some examples with the 24 randomized controlled trials that I have published as well as the three studies that have more recently come out from the platform by others. Finally, I will point to how we are anonymizing our data and how over 34 different external researchers have used our datasets to publish scientific studies. I would like to thank the U.S. Department of Education and the National Science Foundation for their support of over $32 million from 40+ grants. I will also address how COVID-19 has driven a ten-fold increase in the number of teachers creating new ASSISTments accounts, and I will give my own personal take on how COVID-19 highlights the need to keep teachers in the loop so that their students know their teachers are paying attention to their work and what it means for the AIED community. How AI Impacts the Policy Making Landscape in Education Jim Knight, Andreas Schleicher 1 Tes Global 2 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Abstract. This keynote aims to provide insights into the criteria that policy makers are looking for when they are advocating for Artificial Intelligence platforms in education. Whilst efficacy and proof of concept of any platform is an obvious need, policy makers have to always consider a world view and consider AI platforms as part of an holistic approach to whole child education and welfare. With a multitude of AI platforms on offer how do they make informed decisions and recognise good from bad. How can policy makers work better with those developing the tools? Since the COVID-19 pandemic what shifts have they seen at state and government level as schools and parents adopt AI platforms as part of the daily education of children worldwide? This keynote aims to provide insights into the criteria that policy makers are looking for when they are advocating for Artificial Intelligence platforms in education. Whilst efficacy and proof of concept of any platform is an obvious need, policy makers have to always consider a world view and consider AI platforms as part of an holistic approach to whole child education and welfare. With a multitude of AI platforms on offer how do they make informed decisions and recognise good from bad. How can policy makers work better with those developing the tools? Since the COVID-19 pandemic what shifts have they seen at state and government level as schools and parents adopt AI platforms as part of the daily education of children worldwide? The New Zeitgeist: Human-AI

[1]  Michael Yudelson,et al.  How Mastery Learning Works at Scale , 2016, L@S.

[2]  Jeffrey D. Wammes,et al.  Mind wandering during lectures II: Relation to academic performance. , 2016 .

[3]  Kenneth R. Koedinger,et al.  Adaptive Intelligent Support to Improve Peer Tutoring in Algebra , 2013, International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education.

[4]  Miriam Gamoran Sherin,et al.  Mathematics teacher noticing: Seeing through teachers’ eyes , 2011 .

[5]  Daniel Smilek,et al.  The role of task difficulty in theoretical accounts of mind wandering , 2018, Consciousness and Cognition.

[6]  Kalina Yacef Intelligent teaching assistant systems , 2002, International Conference on Computers in Education, 2002. Proceedings..

[7]  D. Besner,et al.  On the link between mind wandering and task performance over time , 2014, Consciousness and Cognition.

[8]  Michael Friendly,et al.  Hypothesis Tests for Multivariate Linear Models Using the car Package , 2013, R J..

[9]  J. Sundberg,et al.  Perceptual and acoustic correlates of abnormal voice qualities. , 1980, Acta oto-laryngologica.

[10]  Alejandra Martínez-Monés,et al.  From Mirroring to Guiding: A Review of State of the Art Technology for Supporting Collaborative Learning , 2005, Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ..

[11]  K. VanLehn The Relative Effectiveness of Human Tutoring, Intelligent Tutoring Systems, and Other Tutoring Systems , 2011 .

[12]  Frederick L Oswald,et al.  Mind-wandering, cognition, and performance: a theory-driven meta-analysis of attention regulation. , 2014, Psychological bulletin.

[13]  Alan H. Schoenfeld,et al.  How We Think : A Theory of Goal-Oriented Decision Making and its Educational Applications , 2010 .

[14]  Nikol Rummel,et al.  Orchestration tools to support the teacher during student collaboration: a review , 2019, Unterrichtswissenschaft.

[15]  Mahmoud Abdulwahed,et al.  Orchestrating technology enhanced learning: a literature review and a conceptual framework , 2011 .

[16]  Ryan Shaun Joazeiro de Baker,et al.  Automated detection of proactive remediation by teachers in reasoning mind classrooms , 2015, LAK.

[17]  Neil T. Heffernan,et al.  AXIS: Generating Explanations at Scale with Learnersourcing and Machine Learning , 2016, L@S.

[18]  David Maxwell Chickering,et al.  Machine Teaching: A New Paradigm for Building Machine Learning Systems , 2017, ArXiv.

[19]  Iain R. Murray,et al.  Toward the simulation of emotion in synthetic speech: a review of the literature on human vocal emotion. , 1993, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[20]  J. Smallwood,et al.  Counting the cost of an absent mind: Mind wandering as an underrecognized influence on educational performance , 2007, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[21]  Joanna Drummond,et al.  In the Zone: Towards Detecting Student Zoning Out Using Supervised Machine Learning , 2010, Intelligent Tutoring Systems.

[22]  David Poeppel,et al.  The effects of selective attention and speech acoustics on neural speech-tracking in a multi-talker scene , 2015, Cortex.

[23]  Jennifer K. Olsen,et al.  Orchestrating Combined Collaborative and Individual Learning in the Classroom , 2017 .

[24]  Gilles Pourtois,et al.  Emotion and attention interactions in social cognition: Brain regions involved in processing anger prosody , 2005, NeuroImage.

[25]  Jeffrey D. Wammes,et al.  Quantifying Classroom Instructor Dynamics with Computer Vision , 2018, AIED.

[26]  Jeffrey D. Wammes,et al.  Examining the Influence of Lecture Format on Degree of Mind Wandering , 2017 .

[27]  Peter van Rosmalen,et al.  Can You Help Me with My Pitch? Studying a Tool for Real-Time Automated Feedback , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies.

[28]  Laura Fernández Gallardo,et al.  Perceived Interpersonal Speaker Attributes and their Acoustic Features , 2017 .

[29]  Tara L Whitehill,et al.  Acoustic correlates of hypernasality , 2003, Clinical linguistics & phonetics.

[30]  Evelyn Yarzebinski,et al.  Cognitive Tutor Use in Chile: Understanding Classroom and Lab Culture , 2015, AIED.

[31]  Benjamin Nye Barriers to ITS Adoption: A Systematic Mapping Study , 2014, Intelligent Tutoring Systems.

[32]  Kurt VanLehn,et al.  Can an orchestration system increase collaborative, productive struggle in teaching-by-eliciting classrooms? , 2019, Interact. Learn. Environ..

[33]  Kurt VanLehn Regulative Loops, Step Loops and Task Loops , 2015, International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education.

[34]  Evan F. Risko,et al.  Cognitive Coupling During Reading , 2017, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[35]  Alexandra Poulovassilis,et al.  Design and evaluation of teacher assistance tools for exploratory learning environments , 2016, LAK.

[36]  Christopher D. Wickens,et al.  An introduction to human factors engineering , 1997 .

[37]  Björn W. Schuller,et al.  Recent developments in openSMILE, the munich open-source multimedia feature extractor , 2013, ACM Multimedia.

[38]  J. Smallwood,et al.  The restless mind. , 2006, Psychological bulletin.

[39]  James D. Slotta,et al.  Supporting classroom orchestration with real-time feedback: A role for teacher dashboards and real-time agents , 2019, International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning.

[40]  María Jesús Rodríguez-Triana,et al.  The teacher in the loop: customizing multimodal learning analytics for blended learning , 2018, LAK.

[41]  Myrthe Faber,et al.  Driven to distraction: A lack of change gives rise to mind wandering , 2018, Cognition.

[42]  M. Behlau,et al.  Resonant voice in acting students: perceptual and acoustic correlates of the trained Y-Buzz by Lessac. , 2009, Journal of voice : official journal of the Voice Foundation.

[43]  D. Childers,et al.  Acoustic correlates of vocal quality. , 1990, Journal of speech and hearing research.

[44]  R. W. Hukin,et al.  Effectiveness of spatial cues, prosody, and talker characteristics in selective attention. , 2000, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[45]  Inge Molenaar,et al.  Towards Hybrid Human-System Regulation: Understanding Children' SRL Support Needs in Blended Classrooms , 2019, LAK.

[46]  Björn W. Schuller,et al.  The Geneva Minimalistic Acoustic Parameter Set (GeMAPS) for Voice Research and Affective Computing , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing.

[47]  Vincent Aleven,et al.  Predicting Student Performance In a Collaborative Learning Environment , 2015, EDM.

[48]  Klaus R. Scherer,et al.  The voice of confidence: Paralinguistic cues and audience evaluation. , 1973 .

[49]  J. Simon,et al.  Cortical entrainment to continuous speech: functional roles and interpretations , 2014, Front. Hum. Neurosci..

[50]  Sidney K. D'Mello,et al.  Eye-Mind reader: an intelligent reading interface that promotes long-term comprehension by detecting and responding to mind wandering , 2021, Hum. Comput. Interact..

[51]  Jack J. Jiang,et al.  Acoustic analysis of the tremulous voice: assessing the utility of the correlation dimension and perturbation parameters. , 2010, Journal of communication disorders.

[52]  Kenneth R. Koedinger,et al.  Teaching the Teacher: Tutoring SimStudent Leads to More Effective Cognitive Tutor Authoring , 2014, International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education.

[53]  Michael P. Robb,et al.  Analysis of F2 transitions in the speech of stutterers and nonstutterers , 1997 .

[54]  Nils J. Nilsson,et al.  Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis , 1997 .

[55]  Myrthe Faber,et al.  The effect of disfluency on mind wandering during text comprehension , 2016, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review.

[56]  Anouschka van Leeuwen,et al.  What information should CSCL teacher dashboards provide to help teachers interpret CSCL situations? , 2019, Int. J. Comput. Support. Collab. Learn..

[57]  Richard S. Sutton,et al.  Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction , 1998, IEEE Trans. Neural Networks.

[58]  Felix Burkhardt,et al.  Voice attributes affecting likability perception , 2010, INTERSPEECH.

[59]  Jeffrey D. Wammes,et al.  Disengagement during lectures: Media multitasking and mind wandering in university classrooms , 2019, Comput. Educ..

[60]  Kurt VanLehn,et al.  Some less obvious features of classroom orchestration systems , 2016 .

[61]  Arthur C. Graesser,et al.  Mind wandering while reading easy and difficult texts , 2013, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[62]  Nikol Rummel One framework to rule them all? Carrying forward the conversation started by Wise and Schwarz , 2018, Int. J. Comput. Support. Collab. Learn..

[63]  Richard Reviewer-Granger Unified Theories of Cognition , 1991, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.