Abstract. Biomass harvesting constitutes a significant portion of farm gate biomass cost and it also affects the delivered form and cost at the biorefinery. This study aims to analyze miscanthus supply logistics utilizing harvesting performance data collected over the last three years in Illinois. The experimental results showed that biomass provision efficiency is highly dependent on the biomass yield and machine operating performance. The Miscanthus harvesting and baling costs were further evaluated through the BioFeed model, a systems optimization model to analyze different biomass production operations that include harvesting, packing, storage, handling, and transportation. The modeling results showed that biomass harvesting and baling costs could be reduced with better management of machine operation. It is suggested that with the adoption of novel biomass sensing technology and machine control system, biomass harvesting and baling efficiency would be increased.