Numerical model tests of building response to excavation-induced ground movements

Distortion and damage to masonry and frame structures on shallow foundations subjected to excavation-induced ground movements have been investigated using numerical model tests. The numerical tests were modeled using the two-dimensional (2-D) universal distinct element code (UDEC) version 3.1 in which each masonry unit was modeled as a block, with the contacts between blocks having stiffness and strength characteristics of mortar. The soil was modeled elastically with a stiffness selected to provide the same pressure–displacement relation for the 2-D model as that for the three-dimensional (3-D) foundation condition. To give a justifiable basis for the numerical tests, two physical model tests were simulated numerically, and the results from the numerical tests were compared with those from the physical model tests. The good agreements between the numerical simulations and physical model tests led to extended numerical studies. The studies included the effect of cracking in structures and structural types...