ESTIMATES OF THE EXTERNAL AND SUSTAINABILITY COSTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

Weak sustainability is typically defined as non-declining utility, or perhaps non-declining production capacity. Weak sustainability places human welfare at the core, and substituting one source of welfare for another is not an issue (e.g., Pearce and Turner, 1990; Perman et al., 1999). As climate change is unlikely to reverse economic growth (Fankhauser and Tol, 2001; Tol, 1998), it is compatible with weak sustainability. However, climate change does pose an efficiency problem, as greenhouse gas emissions are externalities, and perhaps large ones (Pearce et al., 1996; Smith et al., 2001). Therefore, our first approach to measuring climate change is to estimate the marginal external costs of carbon dioxide emissions.

[1]  J. Weyant,et al.  Vulnerability to climate change and reasons for concern: a synthesis , 2001 .

[2]  W. Martens,et al.  Health impacts of climate change and ozone depletion: an ecoepidemiologic modeling approach. , 1998, Environmental health perspectives.

[3]  R. Tol.  Kyoto, Efficiency, and Cost-Effectiveness: Applications of FUND , 1999 .

[4]  Richard S. J. Tol,et al.  Liability And Compensation For Climate Change Damages – A Legal And Economic Assessment , 2001 .

[5]  Bruce A. McCarl,et al.  Implications of a Carbon-Based Energy Tax for U.S. Agriculture , 2005, Agricultural and Resource Economics Review.

[6]  Michael Grubb,et al.  The economics of changing course : Implications of adaptability and inertia for optimal climate policy , 1995 .

[7]  Maren A. Lau,et al.  Coastal Zone Management in the People ’ s Republic of China – An Assessment of Structural Impacts on Decision-making Processes , 2003 .

[8]  R. Tol.  Spatial and Temporal Efficiency in Climate Policy: Applications of FUND , 1999 .

[9]  R. Darwin,et al.  World agriculture and climate change: Economic adaptations. Agriculture economic report , 1995 .

[10]  T. H. Jetten,et al.  SENSITIVITY OF MALARIA, SCHISTOSOMIASIS AND DENGUE TO GLOBAL WARMING , 1997 .

[11]  W. Martens,et al.  Climate change, thermal stress and mortality changes. , 1998, Social science & medicine.

[12]  Jerry A. Hausman,et al.  Contingent valuation : a critical assessment , 1993 .

[13]  M. Weitzman.  The Noah's Ark Problem , 1998 .

[14]  Peter Link,et al.  Auswirkungen populationsdynamischer Veränderungen in Fischbeständen auf die Fischereiwirtschaft in der Barentssee , 2003 .

[15]  R.S.J. Tol,et al.  On climate change and growth, research unit sustainability and global change , 2001 .

[16]  B. Sohngen,et al.  THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON GLOBAL TIMBER MARKETS , 1999 .

[17]  J. Andreoni.  Privately provided public goods in a large economy: The limits of altruism , 1988 .

[18]  Jan Rotmans,et al.  Climate change and vector-borne diseases. A global modelling perspective. , 1995 .

[19]  Richard S. J. Tol,et al.  THE MARGINAL COSTS OF CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS : AN ASSESSMENT OF THE UNCERTAINTIES , 2003 .

[20]  Wjm J M Martens.  Global atmospheric change and human health: an integrated modelling approach , 1996 .

[21]  T. Downing,et al.  The marginal costs of radiatively-active gases , 1999 .

[22]  K. Hasselmann,et al.  Transport and storage of CO2 in the ocean ——an inorganic ocean-circulation carbon cycle model , 1987 .

[23]  R. Tol.  Economic aspects of global environmental models , 1998 .

[24]  R. Turner,et al.  Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment , 1989 .

[25]  Mark Rounsevell,et al.  Climate Change 1995: impacts, adaptations and mitigation of climate change: scientific-technical analyses. Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , 1996 .

[26]  Steven J. Smith,et al.  Global Warming Potentials: 1. Climatic Implications of Emissions Reductions , 2000 .

[27]  R.S.J. Tol,et al.  Economic impacts of changes in the population dynamics of fish in the Barents sea , 2003 .

[28]  Gary Yohe,et al.  moving toward a working definition of adaptive capacity , 2002 .

[29]  R. Tol.  The damage costs of climate change towards a dynamic representation , 1996 .

[30]  Richard S. J. Tol,et al.  Equity, international trade and climate policy , 2002 .

[31]  R. Tol,et al.  Implications of desalination for water resources in China — an economic perspective , 2004 .

[32]  Richard S. J. Tol,et al.  The Marginal Costs of Greenhouse Gas Emissions , 1999 .

[33]  M. Grubb,et al.  Influence of socioeconomic inertia and uncertainty on optimal CO2-emission abatement , 1997, Nature.

[34]  Alan D. Lopez,et al.  The global burden of disease: a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. , 1996 .

[35]  I. Yetkiner,et al.  A SHORT NOTE ON THE SOLUTION PROCEDURE OF BARRO AND SALA-I-MARTIN FOR RESTORING CONSTANCY CONDITIONS , 2003 .

[36]  R. Moss,et al.  Climate change 1995 - impacts, adaptations and mitigation of climate change : scientific-technical analyses , 1997 .

[37]  John C. Bergstrom,et al.  Measuring the Demand for Environmental Quality , 1991 .

[38]  Richard S. J. Tol,et al.  On the optimal control of carbon dioxide emissions: an application of FUND , 1997 .

[39]  R. Giering,et al.  Sensitivity Study of Optimal CO2 Emission Paths Using a Simplified Structural Integrated Assessment Model (SIAM) , 1997 .

[40]  Claudia Kemfert,et al.  Games of Climate Change with International Trade , 2004 .

[41]  Martin L. Weitzman,et al.  An Application of Diversity Theory to Crane Conservation , 1993 .

[42]  G. Yohe,et al.  Indicators for social and economic coping capacity - moving towards a working definition of adaptive capacity, research unit sustainability and global change , 2001 .

[43]  R. Tol.  Equitable Cost-Benefit Analysis of Climate Change , 1999 .

[44]  I. Hakan Yetkiner,et al.  IS THERE AN INDISPENSABLE ROLE FOR GOVERNMENT DURING RECOVERY FROM AN EARTHQUAKE? A THEORETICAL ELABORATION , 2003 .

[45]  G. Donaldson.  Cold exposure and winter mortality from ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, and all causes in warm and cold regions of Europe , 1997, The Lancet.

[46]  Bruce A. McCarl,et al.  MEASURING ABATEMENT POTENTIALS WHEN MULTIPLE CHANGE IS PRESENT: THE CASE OF GREENHOUSE GAS MITIGATION IN U.S. AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY , 2002 .

[47]  Stephen H. Schneider,et al.  Induced technological change and the attractiveness of CO2 abatement policies , 1999 .

[48]  Donald J. Wuebbles,et al.  Radiative forcing of climate , 1991 .

[49]  R. Tol.  Emission abatement versus development as strategies to reduce vulnerability to climate change: an application of FUND , 2005, Environment and Development Economics.

[50]  Richard S. J. Tol,et al.  On National and International Trade in Greenhouse Gas Emission Permits , 2002 .

[51]  Benoit Morel,et al.  Technology Development And Diffusion And Incentives To Abate Greenhouse Gas Emissions , 2001 .

[52]  R. Tol.  Time Discounting and Optimal Emission Reduction: An Application of FUND , 1999 .

[53]  Richard S.J. Tol,et al.  The marginal damage costs of carbon-dioxide emissions’ , 2005 .

[54]  B. Sohngen,et al.  Analyzing the Economic Impact of Climate Change on Global Timber Markets , 1996 .

[55]  R. Tol.  Estimates of the Damage Costs of Climate Change, Part II. Dynamic Estimates , 2002 .

[56]  David Maddison,et al.  Climate change and international tourism: a simulation study , 2005 .

[57]  Adriaan van Zon,et al.  The cyclical advancement of drastic technologies , 2002 .

[58]  John M. Reilly,et al.  Climate change and agricultural trade: Who benefits, who loses? , 1994 .

[59]  M. Schlesinger,et al.  A sequential-decision strategy for abating climate change , 1992, Nature.

[60]  Richard S. J. Tol,et al.  How much damage will climate change do? Recent estimates , 2000 .

[61]  P. H. Martin,et al.  Malaria and climate: sensitivity of malaria potential transmission to climate , 1995 .

[62]  David Maddison,et al.  Climate and Happiness , 2005 .

[63]  Richard S. J. Tol,et al.  How large Is the uncertainty about climate change , 2000 .

[64]  Y. Matsuoka,et al.  AN ESTIMATION OF CLIMATIC CHANGE EFFECTS ON MALARIA , 1995 .

[65]  M. Common,et al.  Natural resource and environmental economics , 1996 .

[66]  Marinos E. Tsigas,et al.  World Agriculture and Climate Change: Economic Adaptations , 1995 .

[67]  Tracy M. Turner.  The Measurement of Environmental and Resource Values , 2004 .

[68]  Robert Cameron Mitchell,et al.  Using Surveys to Value Public Goods: The Contingent Valuation Method , 1989 .

[69]  James A. Tobey,et al.  An empirical study of the economic effects of climate change on world agriculture , 1992 .

[70]  Samuel Fankhauser,et al.  On climate change and economic growth , 2005 .

[71]  David J. Bjornstad,et al.  The contingent valuation of environmental resources: methodological issues and research needs. , 1996 .

[72]  Maren A. Lau.  Coastal Zone Management in the People’s Republic of China: A Unique Approach? , 2003 .

[73]  R. Roson,et al.  Economy-Wide Estimates of the Implications of Climate Change: Human Health , 2005 .

[74]  Maren A. Lau.  Integrated Coastal Zone Management in the People’s Republic of China – An Assessment of Structural Impacts on Decision-making Processes , 2005 .

[75]  R. Tol.  Estimates of the Damage Costs of Climate Change. Part 1: Benchmark Estimates , 2002 .

[76]  R. S. D. Motta.  Economics of natural resources and the environment , 1990 .

[77]  Wietze Lise,et al.  Impact of climate on tourism demand , 2000 .

[78]  Richard S. J. Tol,et al.  Technology protocols for climate change: an application of fund , 2002 .

[79]  Tom M. L. Wigley,et al.  Global Warming Potentials: 2. Accuracy , 2000 .

[80]  J. Andreoni.  IMPURE ALTRUISM AND DONATIONS TO PUBLIC GOODS: A THEORY OF WARM-GLOW GIVING* , 1990 .

[81]  Richard S. J. Tol,et al.  PROGRESS IN ESTIMATING THE MARGINAL COSTS OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS , 2001 .

[82]  J. Hamilton,et al.  Climate and the Destination Choice of German Tourists , 2004 .

[83]  Alan S. Manne,et al.  An alternative approach to establishing trade-offs among greenhouse gases , 2001, Nature.

[84]  Roberto Roson,et al.  An integrated assessment model of economy-energy-climate - the model wiagem: a comment , 2003 .

[85]  吉田 仁美,et al.  Strength in Diversity , 2019, Bridging Communities through Socially Engaged Art.

[86]  C. Rosenzweig,et al.  Potential impact of climate change on world food supply , 1994, Nature.

[87]  Klein Goldewijk Cgm,et al.  The IMAGE 2 Hundred Year (1890 - 1990) Data Base of the Global Environment (HYDE) , 1995 .

[88]  David J. Bjornstad,et al.  The Contingent Valuation of Environmental Resources , 1996 .

[89]  Richard S. J. Tol,et al.  Safe policies in an uncertain climate: an application of FUND , 1999 .

[90]  Hideo Harasawa,et al.  Asian-Pacific integrated model for evaluating policy options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and global warming impacts , 1995 .

[91]  R. Tol.  The damage costs of climate change toward more comprehensive calculations , 1995 .

[92]  L. Goulder,et al.  Optimal Co2 Abatement in the Presence of Induced Technological Change , 1998 .