Essential tremors: a family of neurodegenerative disorders?

Essential tremor (ET) is the most common pathologic tremor in humans. The traditional view of ET, as a monosymptomatic condition, is being replaced by an appreciation of the spectrum of clinical features, with both motor and nonmotor elements. These features are not distributed homogeneously across patients. In addition, postmortem studies are now demonstrating distinct structural changes in ET. There is growing evidence that ET may be a family of diseases rather than a single entity. Furthermore, this aging-associated, progressive disorder is associated with neuronal loss and postmortem changes that occur in traditional neurodegenerative disorders.

[1]  G. Lenzi,et al.  Frontal lobe dysfunction in essential tremor: a preliminary study. , 2001, Journal of neurology.

[2]  J. Benito-León,et al.  Risk of incident Parkinson’s disease and parkinsonism in essential tremor: a population based study , 2008, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry.

[3]  J. Vonsattel,et al.  The emerging neuropathology of essential tremor , 2008, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[4]  Oren Cohen,et al.  Rest tremor in patients with essential tremor: prevalence, clinical correlates, and electrophysiologic characteristics. , 2003, Archives of neurology.

[5]  A. Tröster,et al.  Neuropsychological deficits in essential tremor: an expression of cerebello‐thalamo‐cortical pathophysiology? , 2002, European journal of neurology.

[6]  M. Graeber,et al.  The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus is not an obligatory trigger site of Parkinson's disease: a critical analysis of α‐synuclein staging , 2008, Neuropathology and applied neurobiology.

[7]  Mark Hallett,et al.  Genomewide scans in North American families reveal genetic linkage of essential tremor to a region on chromosome 6p23. , 2006, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[8]  H. Shill,et al.  Pathologic findings in prospectively ascertained essential tremor subjects , 2008, Neurology.

[9]  J. Higgins,et al.  A gene (ETM) for essential tremor maps to chromosome 2p22‐p25 , 1997, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[10]  H. Stefánsson,et al.  Mapping of a familial essential tremor gene, FET1, to chromosome 3q13 , 1997, Nature Genetics.

[11]  Hao Deng,et al.  Genetics of essential tremor. , 2007, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[12]  Demetrius M Maraganore,et al.  Essential tremor associated with focal nonnigral Lewy bodies: a clinicopathologic study. , 2005, Archives of neurology.

[13]  M. Berry,et al.  The role of noradrenergic fibres in the control of post-natal cerebellar development , 1981, Brain Research.

[14]  Elan D Louis,et al.  Essential tremor associated with pathologic changes in the cerebellum. , 2006, Archives of neurology.

[15]  B. Ford,et al.  Does a screening questionnaire for essential tremor agree with the physician's examination? , 1998, Neurology.

[16]  G. Deuschl,et al.  The gait disorder of advanced essential tremor. , 2001, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[17]  R. Inzelberg,et al.  Essential tremor prevalence is low in Arabic villages in Israel , 2006, Journal of Neurology.

[18]  Michael S Okun,et al.  Depression symptoms in movement disorders: Comparing Parkinson's disease, dystonia, and essential tremor , 2007, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[19]  E. Louis,et al.  How familial is familial tremor? , 1996, Neurology.

[20]  B. Ford,et al.  Factors associated with increased risk of head tremor in essential tremor: A community‐based study in northern Manhattan , 2003, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[21]  M. Farrer,et al.  A chromosome 4p haplotype segregating with Parkinson's disease and postural tremor. , 1999, Human molecular genetics.

[22]  R. Adams,et al.  Principles of Neurology , 1996 .

[23]  G. Deuschl,et al.  High concordance for essential tremor in monozygotic twins of old age , 2004, Neurology.

[24]  A. Bergareche,et al.  Prevalence of Essential Tremor: A Door-to-Door Survey in Bidasoa, Spain , 2001, Neuroepidemiology.

[25]  E. Louis,et al.  Non-motor manifestations in essential tremor: use of a validated instrument to evaluate a wide spectrum of symptoms. , 2005, Parkinsonism & related disorders.

[26]  K. Lyons,et al.  Neuropathological changes in essential tremor: 33 cases compared with 21 controls. , 2007, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[27]  T. Larsson,et al.  Essential tremor: a clinical and genetic population study. , 1960, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum.

[28]  J. Jankovic,et al.  Criteria for the diagnosis of essential tremor. , 2000, Neurology.

[29]  J. Langston,et al.  Essential tremor in twins , 2001, Neurology.

[30]  E D Louis,et al.  Clinical subtypes of essential tremor. , 2000, Archives of neurology.

[31]  J. Benito-León,et al.  Elderly-onset essential tremor is associated with dementia , 2006, Neurology.

[32]  E. Louis,et al.  Study of possible factors associated with age of onset in essential tremor , 2006, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[33]  G. Deuschl,et al.  Eye movement abnormalities in essential tremor may indicate cerebellar dysfunction. , 2003, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[34]  J. Benito-León,et al.  Self‐reported depression and anti‐depressant medication use in essential tremor: cross‐sectional and prospective analyses in a population‐based study , 2007, European journal of neurology.

[35]  R. Elble,et al.  Genetic heterogeneity in autosomal dominant essential tremor , 2001, Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics.

[36]  J. Kulisevsky,et al.  A randomized placebo-controlled comparative trial of gabapentin and propranolol in essential tremor. , 1999, Archives of neurology.

[37]  K. Fuxe,et al.  On the projections from the locus coeruleus noradrealine neurons: the cerebellar innervation. , 1971, Brain research.

[38]  M. Critchley Observations on essential (heredofamial) tremor. , 1949, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[39]  J. Benito-León,et al.  Essential tremor: emerging views of a common disorder , 2006, Nature Clinical Practice Neurology.

[40]  Elan D. Louis,et al.  Environmental Epidemiology of Essential Tremor , 2008, Neuroepidemiology.

[41]  Reduced body mass index in patients with essential tremor: a population-based study in the province of Mersin, Turkey. , 2004, Archives of neurology.

[42]  E. Louis,et al.  Olfactory dysfunction in essential tremor: A deficit unrelated to disease duration or severity , 2002 .

[43]  J. Benito-León,et al.  Risk of incident dementia in essential tremor: A population‐based study , 2007, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[44]  F. Schneier,et al.  Characteristics of social phobia among persons with essential tremor. , 2001, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[45]  E. Louis,et al.  Personality in essential tremor: further evidence of non-motor manifestations of the disease , 2004, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry.

[46]  E. Louis,et al.  How common is the most common adult movement disorder? Estimates of the prevalence of essential tremor throughout the world , 1998, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[47]  Samay Jain,et al.  Common misdiagnosis of a common neurological disorder: how are we misdiagnosing essential tremor? , 2006, Archives of neurology.

[48]  Macdonald Critchley,et al.  OBSERVATIONS ON ESSENTIAL (HEREDOFAMILIAL) TREMOR , 1949 .

[49]  K. C. Brennan,et al.  Is essential tremor predominantly a kinetic or a postural tremor? A clinical and electrophysiological study , 2002, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[50]  M. Critchley,et al.  OLIVO-PONTO-CEREBELLAR ATROPHY , 1948 .

[51]  G. Deuschl,et al.  Essential tremor and cerebellar dysfunction clinical and kinematic analysis of intention tremor. , 2000, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[52]  E D Louis,et al.  Prevalence of essential tremor , 2003, Neurology.

[53]  Haydar Sur,et al.  Prevalence of essential tremor: a door-to-door survey in Sile, Istanbul, Turkey. , 2009, Parkinsonism & related disorders.

[54]  J. Benito-León,et al.  A population-based study of mortality in essential tremor , 2007, Neurology.

[55]  Rajesh Pahwa,et al.  Reduced Purkinje cell number in essential tremor: a postmortem study. , 2008, Archives of neurology.

[56]  J. Jankovic,et al.  Hearing impairment in essential tremor , 2003, Neurology.

[57]  Z K Wszolek,et al.  Essential tremor: predictors of disease progression in a clinical cohort. , 2006, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[58]  G. Deuschl,et al.  Quality of life and personality in essential tremor patients , 2006, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[59]  M. Brin,et al.  Consensus Statement of the Movement Disorder Society on Tremor , 2008, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[60]  J. Hubble,et al.  Essential tremor. , 1989, Clinical neuropharmacology.