Integrated hydraulic and organophosphate pesticide injection simulations for enhancing event detection in water distribution systems.

As a complementary step towards solving the general event detection problem of water distribution systems, injection of the organophosphate pesticides, chlorpyrifos (CP) and parathion (PA), were simulated at various locations within example networks and hydraulic parameters were calculated over 24-h duration. The uniqueness of this study is that the chemical reactions and byproducts of the contaminants' oxidation were also simulated, as well as other indicative water quality parameters such as alkalinity, acidity, pH and the total concentration of free chlorine species. The information on the change in water quality parameters induced by the contaminant injection may facilitate on-line detection of an actual event involving this specific substance and pave the way to development of a generic methodology for detecting events involving introduction of pesticides into water distribution systems. Simulation of the contaminant injection was performed at several nodes within two different networks. For each injection, concentrations of the relevant contaminants' mother and daughter species, free chlorine species and water quality parameters, were simulated at nodes downstream of the injection location. The results indicate that injection of these substances can be detected at certain conditions by a very rapid drop in Cl2, functioning as the indicative parameter, as well as a drop in alkalinity concentration and a small decrease in pH, both functioning as supporting parameters, whose usage may reduce false positive alarms.

[1]  Mustafa M. Aral,et al.  Optimization Model and Algorithms for Design of Water Sensor Placement in Water Distribution Systems , 2008 .

[2]  A. J. Kaufman,et al.  Experimental measurement of boron isotope fractionation in seawater , 2006 .

[3]  Avi Ostfeld,et al.  Optimal Layout of Early Warning Detection Stations for Water Distribution Systems Security , 2004 .

[4]  Cynthia A. Phillips,et al.  Sensor Placement in Municipal Water Networks with Temporal Integer Programming Models , 2006 .

[5]  H. Kayanne,et al.  A High Time-Resolution Analyzer for Total Alkalinity of Seawater, Based on Continuous Potentiometric Measurement , 2002 .

[6]  S. Sharma,et al.  Biosurfactant production by Pseudomonas sp. and its role in aqueous phase partitioning and biodegradation of chlorpyrifos , 2009, Letters in applied microbiology.

[7]  Avi Ostfeld,et al.  Multiobjective Contaminant Sensor Network Design for Water Distribution Systems , 2008 .

[8]  Avi Ostfeld,et al.  The Battle of the Water Sensor Networks (BWSN): A Design Challenge for Engineers and Algorithms , 2008 .

[9]  Timothy W Collette,et al.  Degradation of chlorpyrifos in aqueous chlorine solutions: pathways, kinetics, and modeling. , 2006, Environmental science & technology.

[10]  Mitchell J. Small,et al.  Integrating Location Models with Bayesian Analysis to Inform Decision Making , 2010 .

[11]  Walter M. Grayman,et al.  Distribution system on‐line monitoring for detecting contamination and water quality changes , 2008 .

[12]  B. Minsker,et al.  Bayesian Belief Networks to Integrate Monitoring Evidence of Water Distribution System Contamination , 2006 .

[13]  Mitchell J. Small,et al.  Identifying Sets of Key Nodes for Placing Sensors in Dynamic Water Distribution Networks , 2008 .

[14]  Avi Ostfeld,et al.  Detecting Accidental Contaminations in Municipal Water Networks , 1998 .

[15]  Avi Ostfeld,et al.  A dynamic thresholds scheme for contaminant event detection in water distribution systems. , 2013, Water research.

[16]  O. Lahav,et al.  Accurate approach for determining fresh-water carbonate (H2CO3(*)) alkalinity, using a single H3PO4 titration point. , 2012, Talanta.

[17]  Stephen E. Duirk,et al.  Transformation of organophosphorus pesticides in the presence of aqueous chlorine: kinetics, pathways, and structure-activity relationships. , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[18]  Avi Ostfeld,et al.  Event detection in water distribution systems from multivariate water quality time series. , 2012, Environmental science & technology.

[19]  Avi Ostfeld,et al.  A coupled classification - evolutionary optimization model for contamination event detection in water distribution systems. , 2014, Water research.

[20]  Avi Ostfeld,et al.  Contamination Source Identification in Water Systems: A Hybrid Model Trees–Linear Programming Scheme , 2006 .

[21]  Avi Ostfeld,et al.  Multiobjective contaminant response modeling for water distribution systems security , 2008 .

[22]  Andreas Krause,et al.  Efficient Sensor Placement Optimization for Securing Large Water Distribution Networks , 2008 .

[23]  Jeanne M. VanBriesen,et al.  Modeling residual chlorine response to a microbial contamination event in drinking water distribution systems. , 2009 .