SECONDARY BATTERIES – LEAD– ACID SYSTEMS | Modeling

Lead–acid batteries, invented more than a century and a half ago, remain the workhorse for electric energy storage, despite the fact that some details of their chemistry are still neither yet fully characterized nor understood, making any physical-model description of the battery behavior incomplete. Nonetheless, many conceivable modeling efforts have been documented in the literature aiming to deliver a better understanding of the chemistry with respect to temperature, state of charge, aging, and failure. This article provides an overview of such notable modeling efforts to assist those interested in the subject to choose the most effective modeling approach for a given application. By all means, any practical model has to be accurate, reliable, and robust, and also easy to be developed and adapted to the application. It should be noted that, in order to achieve the goal, a compromise between efficiency and accuracy is often inevitable.