China ’ s decision makers and ordinary citizens face a diffi cult confl uence of problems in economic development, energy use, environmental degradation, and greenhouse gas emissions, as laid out in chapter 1. A key feature of the challenge is the intimate links between fossil fuel use, the impact of air pollution on public health and agriculture, and carbon dioxide emissions. The remarkable complexity of this confl uence not only raises a multidecade policy-making challenge to Chinese leaders, but also poses a related challenge to researchers seeking new insights to help inform those pressing policy decisions. It requires building research capacities both within specialized fi elds of knowledge, and between them, to generate an appropriately integrated understanding of the tradeoffs. The work of this book may be the most extensive effort to date to take on this interdisciplinary research challenge. This chapter presents a summary of both the methods used and the results generated in our analyses of the costs and benefi ts of two national emission control policy options set in the recent past, the years 2006–2010: