Meta-analysis: the diagnostic accuracy of critical flicker frequency in minimal hepatic encephalopathy

Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) reduces quality of life, increases the risk of road traffic incidents and predicts progression to overt hepatic encephalopathy and death. Current psychometry‐based diagnostic methods are effective, but time‐consuming and a universal ‘gold standard’ test has yet to be agreed upon. Critical Flicker Frequency (CFF) is a proposed language‐independent diagnostic tool for MHE, but its accuracy has yet to be confirmed.

[1]  V. Felipo,et al.  IL-6 and IL-18 in Blood May Discriminate Cirrhotic Patients With and Without Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy , 2009, Journal of clinical gastroenterology.

[2]  R. Jalan,et al.  Role of ammonia and inflammation in minimal hepatic encephalopathy , 2007, Metabolic Brain Disease.

[3]  A. Lockwood,et al.  Hepatic encephalopathy—Definition, nomenclature, diagnosis, and quantification: Final report of the Working Party at the 11th World Congresses of Gastroenterology, Vienna, 1998 , 2002, Hepatology.

[4]  Kishor S. Trivedi,et al.  A COMPARISON OF APPROXIMATE INTERVAL ESTIMATORS FOR THE BERNOULLI PARAMETER , 1993 .

[5]  Hans Schomerus,et al.  Quality of Life in Cirrhotics with Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy , 2001, Metabolic Brain Disease.

[6]  K Weissenborn,et al.  Neuropsychological characterization of hepatic encephalopathy. , 2001, Journal of hepatology.

[7]  B. Sharma,et al.  Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy in Patients With Extrahepatic Portal Vein Obstruction , 2008, The American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[8]  Praveen Sharma,et al.  Critical flicker frequency for diagnosis and assessment of recovery from minimal hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis. , 2010, Hepatobiliary & pancreatic diseases international : HBPD INT.

[9]  D. Rennie,et al.  Towards complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: the STARD initiative , 2003, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[10]  B. Sharma,et al.  Critical flicker frequency: diagnostic tool for minimal hepatic encephalopathy. , 2007, Journal of hepatology.

[11]  M. Morgan,et al.  Characteristics of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy , 2004, Metabolic Brain Disease.

[12]  R. Hoffmann,et al.  Minimal hepatic encephalopathy is associated with motor vehicle crashes: The reality beyond the driving test , 2009, Hepatology.

[13]  P. Angeli,et al.  Different biochemical correlates for different neuropsychiatric abnormalities in patients with cirrhosis , 2011, Hepatology.

[14]  V. Felipo,et al.  Activation of soluble guanylate cyclase by nitric oxide in lymphocytes correlates with minimal hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients , 2007, Journal of Molecular Medicine.

[15]  J S Bajaj,et al.  Review article: the modern management of hepatic encephalopathy , 2010, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[16]  Javier Zamora,et al.  Meta-DiSc : a software for meta-analysis of test accuracy data , 2015 .

[17]  Norbert Hilger,et al.  Hepatic encephalopathy and fitness to drive. , 2009, Gastroenterology.

[18]  L E Moses,et al.  Combining independent studies of a diagnostic test into a summary ROC curve: data-analytic approaches and some additional considerations. , 1993, Statistics in medicine.

[19]  Ritesh Agarwal,et al.  Lactulose improves cognitive functions and health‐related quality of life in patients with cirrhosis who have minimal hepatic encephalopathy , 2007, Hepatology.

[20]  C. Wein,et al.  Minimal hepatic encephalopathy impairs fitness to drive , 2004, Hepatology.

[21]  R. Butterworth.  Editorial: Rifaximin and Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy , 2011, The American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[22]  Thomas A Hammeke,et al.  Inhibitory control test for the diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. , 2008, Gastroenterology.

[23]  A. Fernández,et al.  Tablas de normalidad de la población española para los tests psicométricos utilizados en el diagnóstico de la encefalopatía hepática mínima , 2006 .

[24]  W. Hop,et al.  The prognostic significance of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy , 2000, American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[25]  Manuel Romero-Gómez,et al.  Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy predicts the development of overt hepatic encephalopathy , 2001, American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[26]  Ajit Sood,et al.  Rifaximin Improves Psychometric Performance and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients With Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy (The RIME Trial) , 2011, The American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[27]  C. Record,et al.  Computerized psychometric testing in minimal encephalopathy and modulation by nitrogen challenge and liver transplant. , 2008, Gastroenterology.

[28]  W. Hop,et al.  Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy impairs daily functioning , 1998, Hepatology.

[29]  F. Bosques-Padilla,et al.  Prevalence of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients. , 2011, Annals of hepatology.

[30]  Daniela Mapelli,et al.  Detection of minimal hepatic encephalopathy: normalization and optimization of the Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score. A neuropsychological and quantified EEG study. , 2008, Journal of hepatology.

[31]  Jonathan J Deeks,et al.  The performance of tests of publication bias and other sample size effects in systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy was assessed. , 2005, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[32]  M. Simadibrata,et al.  The effect of L-ornithine L-aspartate and branch chain amino acids on encephalopathy and nutritional status in liver cirrhosis with malnutrition. , 2011, Acta medica Indonesiana.

[33]  R. Hoffmann,et al.  Probiotic Yogurt for the Treatment of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy , 2008, The American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[34]  E. L. Mortensen,et al.  Discrimination between organic and hepatic encephalopathy by means of continuous reaction times. , 2008, Liver.

[35]  F. Poordad,et al.  Review article: the burden of hepatic encephalopathy , 2007, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[36]  Stephen M. Rao,et al.  Inhibitory Control Test Is a Simple Method to Diagnose Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy and Predict Development of Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy , 2007, The American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[37]  H. Schomerus,et al.  Neuropsychological Aspects of Portal-Systemic Encephalopathy , 1998, Metabolic Brain Disease.

[38]  A. Mirshahi,et al.  Praktische Bedeutung der Flimmerfusionsfrequenz (CFF) , 2010, Der Ophthalmologe.

[39]  L. Ranek,et al.  Continuous reaction time in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. A quantitative measure of changes in consciousness. , 1981, Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology.

[40]  A. Mirshahi,et al.  [Practical significance of critical fusion frequency (CFF). Chronological resolution of the visual system in differential diagnosis]. , 2010, Der Ophthalmologe : Zeitschrift der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft.

[41]  David Moher,et al.  The STARD Statement for Reporting Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy: Explanation and Elaboration , 2003, Annals of Internal Medicine [serial online].

[42]  V. Felipo,et al.  [Normality tables in the Spanish population for psychometric tests used in the diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy]. , 2006, Medicina clinica.

[43]  Lars Timmermann,et al.  Critical flicker frequency for quantification of low‐grade hepatic encephalopathy , 2002, Hepatology.

[44]  S. Guha,et al.  Meta‐analysis: the effects of gut flora modulation using prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics on minimal hepatic encephalopathy , 2011, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[45]  S. Schiff,et al.  Neuropsychological tools in hepatology: a survival guide for the clinician , 2012, Journal of viral hepatitis.

[46]  R. Lucke,et al.  Driving under the influence of minimal hepatic encephalopathy , 2004, Hepatology.

[47]  Y. Chawla,et al.  Diagnosis and Prognostic Significance of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy in Patients with Cirrhosis of Liver , 2010, Digestive Diseases and Sciences.

[48]  J. Hanley,et al.  The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. , 1982, Radiology.

[49]  Manuel Romero-Gómez,et al.  Value of the critical flicker frequency in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy , 2007, Hepatology.

[50]  D. Altman,et al.  Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses , 2003, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[51]  B. Sharma,et al.  Predictors of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy in Patients with Cirrhosis , 2010, Saudi journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Saudi Gastroenterology Association.

[52]  K. Saeian,et al.  Testing for minimal hepatic encephalopathy in the United States: An AASLD survey , 2007, Hepatology.

[53]  Rakesh K. Gupta,et al.  Cerebral oedema in minimal hepatic encephalopathy due to extrahepatic portal venous obstruction , 2010, Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver.