Comparison of Commercial Chatbot solutions for Supporting Customer Interaction

Considering the advancing digitalization and the rise of new technologies, the way people interact with one another but also approach companies has fundamentally changed. In this respect, chatbots have experienced a “comeback” recently and many large companies but also small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the B2C sector search for ways to support the conversation with customers via chatbots. Nevertheless, chatbots must fulfil particular functionalities (e.g., in terms of language processing or quality of communication) to be purposefully applied in an entrepreneurial setting, and particularly, at SMEs. The investigation at hand analyses the solutions of 14 technology providers for realizing a chatbot in terms of (1) quality of the communication, (2) reaction to inappropriate input, (3) personalization, (4) language processing, (5) security, (6) interfaces & mobile device support, (7) training, (8) implementation and (9) costs. Thereby, the peculiarities of human-machine communications and requirements of firms are taken into account. The results were derived on base of an online survey among the solution providers. It turned out that a high percentage of the functionalities, which are decisive for a valuable entrepreneurial chatbot application, are covered by the providers, however, with nuanced differences being observed regarding particular features.

[1]  Nathalie Hutter,et al.  Digitale Auskunft in Bibliotheken: eine Einführung in Digital Reference Services , 2008 .

[2]  Bob Heller,et al.  Freudbot: An Investigation of Chatbot Technology in Distance Education , 2005 .

[3]  Robert Kusber Chatbots – Conversational UX Platforms , 2017 .

[4]  Karolina Kuligowska,et al.  Commercial Chatbot: Performance Evaluation, Usability Metrics and Quality Standards of Embodied Conversational Agents , 2015 .

[5]  Thomas Price,et al.  Efficient e-commerce on virtual personal assistants , 2017 .

[6]  Hisashi Masuda,et al.  Enabling Digital Transformation in SMEs by Combining Enterprise Ontologies and Service Blueprinting , 2017, ICServ.

[7]  Carmen Holotescu,et al.  MOOCBuddy: a Chatbot for personalized learning with MOOCs , 2016, RoCHI.

[8]  Kaushik Mukerjee,et al.  Customer‐oriented organizations: a framework for innovation , 2013 .

[9]  Ari Rappoport,et al.  Semi-Supervised Recognition of Sarcasm in Twitter and Amazon , 2010, CoNLL.

[10]  Markus Lang,et al.  Assessing the accuracy of Sentiment Analysis of Social Media Posts at Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Southern Germany , 2016, ECIS.

[11]  Charles W. Bachman,et al.  The Role Concept in Data Models , 1977, VLDB.

[12]  Eric Atwell,et al.  Chatbots: Are they Really Useful? , 2007, LDV Forum.

[13]  Wolfgang Müller,et al.  Towards Accessible Authoring Tools for Interactive Storytelling , 2006, TIDSE.

[14]  Suryadi,et al.  Design of chatbot with 3D avatar, voice interface, and facial expression , 2015, 2015 International Conference on Science in Information Technology (ICSITech).

[15]  Alexander Braun,et al.  Chatbots in der Kundenkommunikation , 2003 .

[16]  Dunja Mladenic,et al.  A Survey of Chabot Systems through a Loebner Prize Competition , 2012 .

[17]  Thomas Hess,et al.  Digital Transformation Strategies , 2015, Business & Information Systems Engineering.

[18]  Michael Vetter „Ich habe Ihre Eingabe leider nicht verstanden“ — Qualitätskriterien für Online-Tests von Bots , 2003 .

[19]  Songyang Lao,et al.  A Comparison between Artificial Neural Network and Cascade-Correlation Neural Network in Concept Classification , 2014, PCM.

[20]  Amit Patil,et al.  Comparative study of cloud platforms to develop a Chatbot , 2017 .

[21]  ThuyUyen H. Nguyen,et al.  Journal of Enterprise Information Management Understanding Customer Relationship Management Technology Adoption in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises: an Empirical Study in the Usa for Authors Understanding Customer Relationship Management Technology Adoption in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises an , 2022 .

[22]  Christian Lindner,et al.  Wer braucht wofür Avatare? Konzeption und Implementierung natürlichsprachlicher Systeme — Zur Einführung , 2003 .

[23]  Nikolaos Polatidis Chatbot for admissions , 2014, ArXiv.

[24]  Franziskus Geeb,et al.  Chatbots in der praktischen Fachlexikographie / Terminologie , 2007, LDV Forum.

[25]  B. Comendador,et al.  Pharmabot: A Pediatric Generic Medicine Consultant Chatbot , 2014 .

[26]  Abhijit Chaudhury,et al.  SMEs and Competitiveness: The Role of Information Systems , 2015 .

[27]  Clifford Nass,et al.  The media equation - how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places , 1996 .

[28]  Jürgen Klostermann,et al.  Digitale Auskunft in Bibliotheken : eine vergleichende Evaluation zwischen ausgewählten digitalen Auskunftsverbünden , 2007 .

[29]  Robert B. Miller,et al.  Response time in man-computer conversational transactions , 1899, AFIPS Fall Joint Computing Conference.

[30]  Elizabeth Chang,et al.  A methodology to map customer complaints and measure customer satisfaction and loyalty , 2014, Service Oriented Computing and Applications.

[31]  T. Andrews,et al.  What is Social Constructionism , 2012 .

[32]  Andrea Esuli,et al.  SentiWordNet 3.0: An Enhanced Lexical Resource for Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining , 2010, LREC.

[33]  Tina Klüwer,et al.  "I Like Your Shirt" - Dialogue Acts for Enabling Social Talk in Conversational Agents , 2011, IVA.

[34]  Michal Karpowicz,et al.  Opinion Mining on the Web 2.0 - Characteristics of User Generated Content and Their Impacts , 2013, CHI-KDD.

[35]  Rodrigo Sandoval-Almazan,et al.  Virtual assistants for e-government interaction , 2009 .

[36]  Alessandro Bogliolo,et al.  The Rise of Bots: A Survey of Conversational Interfaces, Patterns, and Paradigms , 2017, Conference on Designing Interactive Systems.

[37]  Alexandra Galbin AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONISM , 2014 .

[38]  Joseph Weizenbaum,et al.  and Machine , 1977 .

[39]  C. Sidner,et al.  Automated interventions for multiple health behaviors using conversational agents. , 2013, Patient education and counseling.

[40]  J.H.L. Hansen,et al.  An integrated approach to the detection and classification of accents/dialects for a spoken document retrieval system , 2005, IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding, 2005..

[41]  John Gallaugher,et al.  Social Media and Customer Dialog Management at Starbucks , 2010, MIS Q. Executive.

[42]  Nina Wacholder,et al.  Identifying Sarcasm in Twitter: A Closer Look , 2011, ACL.

[43]  M. P. Martínez-Ruiz,et al.  Drivers, Benefits and Challenges of ICT adoption by small and medium sized en-terprises (SMEs): A Literature Review , 2017 .

[44]  Susan Bull,et al.  Conversational Agents in E-Learning , 2008, SGAI Conf..

[45]  Victoria L. Crittenden,et al.  We're all connected: The power of the social media ecosystem , 2011 .

[46]  P. Greenberg The impact of CRM 2.0 on customer insight , 2010 .

[47]  W. R. Ford,et al.  Real conversations with artificial intelligence: A comparison between human-human online conversations and human-chatbot conversations , 2015, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[48]  Giovanni Pilato,et al.  A Modular Architecture for Adaptive ChatBots , 2011, 2011 IEEE Fifth International Conference on Semantic Computing.

[49]  Robert Dale,et al.  The return of the chatbots , 2016, Natural Language Engineering.

[50]  Aditya Deshpande,et al.  A SURVEY OF VARIOUS CHATBOT IMPLEMENTATION TECHNIQUES , 2017 .

[51]  Markus Lang,et al.  "What does the Customer Want to Tell US?" an Automated Classification Approach for Social Media Posts at Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises , 2017, ECIS.

[52]  Rui Yan,et al.  "Shall I Be Your Chat Companion?": Towards an Online Human-Computer Conversation System , 2016, CIKM.

[53]  Eugénio C. Oliveira,et al.  Tokenizing micro-blogging messages using a text classification approach , 2010, AND '10.

[54]  Stefan Kopp,et al.  A Conversational Agent as Museum Guide - Design and Evaluation of a Real-World Application , 2005, IVA.

[55]  Timothy W. Bickmore,et al.  Response to a relational agent by hospital patients with depressive symptoms , 2010, Interact. Comput..

[56]  Asbjørn Følstad,et al.  Chatbots and the new world of HCI , 2017, Interactions.

[57]  Ramón López-Cózar,et al.  Predicting user mental states in spoken dialogue systems , 2011, EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process..

[58]  R. Chalmeta,et al.  Social customer relationship management: taking advantage of Web 2.0 and Big Data technologies , 2016, SpringerPlus.

[59]  Anbang Xu,et al.  A New Chatbot for Customer Service on Social Media , 2017, CHI.

[60]  Florian Johannsen,et al.  "What does the customer want to tell us?" - An automated classification approach for social media posts at SMEs. , 2017 .

[61]  M. Durkin,et al.  Exploring social media adoption in small to medium-sized enterprises in Ireland , 2013 .

[62]  Christopher Bull,et al.  Strategic issues in customer relationship management (CRM) implementation , 2003, Bus. Process. Manag. J..

[63]  Maximilian Röglinger,et al.  Digital Transformation : Changes and Chances – Insights based on an Empirical Study , 2015 .

[64]  Masanori Yamada,et al.  Conversation with a Chatbot before an Online EFL Group Discussion and the Effects on Critical Thinking , 2014 .

[65]  Heike Gennermann,et al.  Qualitätsstandards für Chatbots in der bibliothekarischen Auskunft in Deutschland , 2011 .

[66]  John Woods,et al.  Survey on Chatbot Design Techniques in Speech Conversation Systems , 2015 .

[67]  P. Berthon,et al.  Marketing meets Web 2.0, social media, and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy , 2012 .

[68]  Mr. Aniket Dole,et al.  Intelligent Chat Bot for Banking System , 2015 .

[69]  Bernd H. Schmitt,et al.  Customer Experience Management , 2009 .