The role of energy storage and demand response as energy democracy policies in the energy productivity of hybrid hub system considering social inconvenience cost

Abstract Energy liberation policies are very effective in the development of energy democracy in society. The Demand Response Programs (DRPs) and Electrical Energy Storages (EESs) are the core activities of energy democracy in the energy and social science policies. Furthermore, energy democracy programs have an influential role in the energy productivity. Moreover, the energy productivity concept divides into energy effectiveness and energy efficiency programs. Therefore, the contribution of EESs and DRPs in the effectiveness aspect of energy productivity is significant. However, the implementation of DRPs from the system operator perspective in the smart society causes to increase the social inconvenience of customers. Therefore, this study provides a novel multi-objective probabilistic economic and environmental energy management structure to evaluate the role of EESs and social inconvenience of DRPs on the energy hub system incorporating various carriers such as electrical, heat, gas, and water infrastructure. The energy interdependency causes to increase the scheduling flexibility in the energy hub system. Furthermore, the seawater desalination units make the significant potential of water management in the remote energy hub areas that are near to the seawater. Therefore, the proposed model considers the role of programs and technologies (such as EESs and DRPs) in the optimal power and water nexus problem. Also, the proposed multi-objective function is modeled as a MILP function and the problem is solved using the CPLEX solver in the GAMS software. The results show that the Sensitivity Coefficient of Customers (SCCs) in DRPs has significant effects on the effectiveness of DRPs and EESs in the energy hub system. Indeed, considering social energy democracy policies increases the energy productivity of the hub system.