Genetic analysis of motor axon pathfinding in zebrafish.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Vita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi List of Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xii List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii List of Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xvi Chapter 1: Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Early studies on motor axon pathfinding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Motor axons respond to chemotrophic gradients. . . . . . . . . . . .4 Cellular Cues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Molecular Cues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Mechanisms of motor axon pathfinding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Genetic Screens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Zebrafish as a model for axial innervation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Zebrafish mutants provide insight into ventral pathfinding. . . .22 viii Chapter 2: Zebrafish topped is required in ventral motor axon guidance. . . . . .28 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Materials and Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Fish Care and Maintainence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Generation of Mutants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Genetic Mapping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Whole-mount antibody labeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Whole-mount RNA in situ hybridization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Single cell labeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Blastula Transplants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Genotyping from blastulae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 topped is a recessive, semi-lethal mutation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 CaP axons in topped mutants are delayed entering the ventral myotome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Topped is required for the proper outgrowth of ventral motor nerves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Dorsally projecting axons are unaffected in topped mutants. . . . .39 Other neuronal cell types and myotome are unaffected in topped mutants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Genetic mosaics reveal that Topped function is non-cell autonomous for CaP axons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Topped is required in ventromedial fast muscle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

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