Dual enlargement of gold nanoparticles: from mechanism to scanometric detection of pathogenic bacteria.

A mechanism of dual enlargement of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) comprising two steps is described. In the first step, the AuNPs are enlarged by depositing Au atoms on their crystalline faces. In this process, the particles are not only enlarged but they are also observed to multiply: new Au nuclei are formed by the budding and division of the enlarged particles. In the second step, a silver enhancement is subsequently performed by the deposition of silver atoms on the enlarged and newly formed AuNPs to generate bimetallic Au@Ag core-shell structures. The dual nanocatalysis greatly enhances the electron density of the nanostructures, leading to a stronger intensity for colorimetric discrimination as well as better sensitivity for quantitative measurement. Based on this, a simple scanometric assay for the on-slide detection of the food-born pathogen Campylobacter jejuni is developed. After capturing the target bacteria, gold-tagged immunoprobes are added to create a signal on a solid substrate. The signal is then amplified by the dual enlargement process, resulting in a strong color intensity that can easily be recognized by the unaided eye, or measured by an inexpensive flatbed scanner. In this paper, dual nanocatalysis is reported for the first time. It provides a valuable mechanistic insight into the development of a simple and cost-effective detection format.

[1]  Zhanfang Ma,et al.  Naked-eye sensitive detection of immunoglubulin G by enlargement of Au nanoparticles in vitro. , 2002, Angewandte Chemie.

[2]  L. C. Gontard,et al.  Three‐dimensional shapes and spatial distributions of Pt and PtCr catalyst nanoparticles on carbon black , 2008, Journal of microscopy.

[3]  H. Endtz,et al.  Evaluation of a New Commercial Immunoassay >for Rapid Detection of Campylobacter jejuni in Stool Samples , 2000, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[4]  C. Murphy,et al.  Room temperature, high-yield synthesis of multiple shapes of gold nanoparticles in aqueous solution. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[5]  D. Wareing,et al.  Detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in foods by enrichment culture and polymerase chain reaction enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. , 2002, Journal of food protection.

[6]  Seongyop Lim,et al.  Crystal Structures and Growth Mechanisms of Au@Ag Core−Shell Nanoparticles Prepared by the Microwave−Polyol Method , 2006 .

[7]  J. E. Mattson,et al.  A Group-IV Ferromagnetic Semiconductor: MnxGe1−x , 2002, Science.

[8]  J. Uknalis,et al.  Immunomagnetic separation methods for the isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from ground poultry meats. , 2001, Journal of immunological methods.

[9]  Sang Jun Sim,et al.  Homogenous growth of gold nanocrystals for quantification of PSA protein biomarker. , 2009, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[10]  Quantitative detection of DNA by autocatalytic enlargement of hybridized gold nanoprobes. , 2010, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[11]  Xiaogang Peng,et al.  Mechanisms of the Shape Evolution of CdSe Nanocrystals , 2001 .

[12]  Joseph Wang.  Nanomaterial-based amplified transduction of biomolecular interactions. , 2005, Small.

[13]  B. Rodríguez-González,et al.  Multishell bimetallic AuAg nanoparticles: synthesis, structure and optical properties , 2005 .

[14]  P. Lackie,et al.  Immunogold silver staining for light microscopy , 1996, Histochemistry and Cell Biology.

[15]  E. Coronado,et al.  The Optical Properties of Metal Nanoparticles: The Influence of Size, Shape, and Dielectric Environment , 2003 .

[16]  C. Mirkin,et al.  Array-Based Electrical Detection of DNA with Nanoparticle Probes , 2002, Science.

[17]  P. Midgley,et al.  Electron tomography of nanoparticle catalysts on porous supports: A new technique based on Rutherford scattering , 2001 .

[18]  Mark A. Atwater,et al.  Extinction coefficient of gold nanoparticles with different sizes and different capping ligands. , 2007, Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.

[19]  C. Mirkin,et al.  Scanometric DNA array detection with nanoparticle probes. , 2000, Science.

[20]  S. Sim,et al.  Signal enhancement of surface plasmon resonance immunoassay using enzyme precipitation-functionalized gold nanoparticles: a femto molar level measurement of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody. , 2007, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[21]  S. Sim,et al.  Seedless synthesis of octahedral gold nanoparticles in condensed surfactant phase. , 2008, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[22]  Joseph Irudayaraj,et al.  Gold nanorod probes for the detection of multiple pathogens. , 2008, Small.

[23]  Chad A Mirkin,et al.  Chip-based scanometric detection of mercuric ion using DNA-functionalized gold nanoparticles. , 2008, Analytical chemistry.

[24]  C. J. Johnson,et al.  Growth and form of gold nanorods prepared by seed-mediated, surfactant-directed synthesis , 2002 .

[25]  Sang Jun Sim,et al.  Resonant Rayleigh light scattering response of individual Au nanoparticles to antigen-antibody interaction. , 2009, Lab on a chip.

[26]  Sang Jun Sim,et al.  A strategy for sensitivity and specificity enhancements in prostate specific antigen-alpha1-antichymotrypsin detection based on surface plasmon resonance. , 2006, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[27]  Hendry. I. Elim,et al.  New Insights on the Nanoparticle Growth Mechanism in the Citrate Reduction of Gold(III) Salt: Formation of the Au Nanowire Intermediate and Its Nonlinear Optical Properties , 2007 .

[28]  A. Henglein,et al.  Radiolytic Control of the Size of Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles , 1998 .

[29]  A. Wolff,et al.  Detection of avian influenza virus by fluorescent DNA barcode-based immunoassay with sensitivity comparable to PCR. , 2010, The Analyst.

[30]  M. Maher,et al.  PCR-ELISAs for the detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in poultry samples. , 2001, BioTechniques.

[31]  S. Han,et al.  Detection of pathogen based on the catalytic growth of gold nanocrystals. , 2009, Water research.

[32]  D. Wareing,et al.  Detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in Environmental Waters by PCR Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , 2002, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[33]  A. Bleloch,et al.  Three-dimensional shapes and structures of lamellar-twinned fcc nanoparticles using ADF STEM. , 2009, Journal of electron microscopy.

[34]  Iva Steinhauserová,et al.  Detection of Campylobacter species in foods by indirect competitive ELISA using hen and rabbit antibodies , 2007 .

[35]  P. Harris.  Growth and structure of supported metal catalyst particles , 1995 .

[36]  Itamar Willner,et al.  Biocatalytic growth of Au nanoparticles: from mechanistic aspects to biosensors design. , 2005, Nano letters.

[37]  Sang Jun Sim,et al.  Preparation of highly stable oligo(ethylene glycol) derivatives-functionalized gold nanoparticles and their application in LSPR-based detection of PSA/ACT complex. , 2007, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

[38]  Chia-Hsien Yeh,et al.  An immunoassay using antibody-gold nanoparticle conjugate, silver enhancement and flatbed scanner , 2009 .

[39]  Yan-lei Su.  A strategy for immunoassay signal amplification using clusters of immunogold nanoparticles , 2006 .

[40]  Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski,et al.  Nanoscale analysis of three-dimensional structures by electron tomography , 2006 .

[41]  M. Griffiths,et al.  Immunocapture and real-time PCR to detect Campylobacter spp. , 2008, Journal of food protection.

[42]  Yi Xiao,et al.  Aptamer-functionalized Au nanoparticles for the amplified optical detection of thrombin. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[43]  Jing Wang,et al.  Enlargement of gold nanoparticles on the surface of a self-assembled monolayer modified electrode: a mode in biosensor design. , 2006, Analytical chemistry.

[44]  Chad A Mirkin,et al.  Homogeneous detection of nucleic acids based upon the light scattering properties of silver-coated nanoparticle probes. , 2007, Analytical chemistry.