Four-state nanomagnetic logic using multiferroics

The authors theoretically demonstrate the implementation of a low-power 4-state universal logic gate (NOR) using a linear array of three dipole-coupled magnetostrictive-piezoelectric multiferroic nanomagnets (e.g. Ni/PZT) with biaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy. The two peripheral nanomagnets in the array encode the 4-state input bits in their magnetization orientations and the central nanomagnet's magnetization orientation represents the output bit. Numerical simulations are performed to confirm that the 4-state output bit is the Boolean NOR function of the two 4-state inputs bits when the array reaches its ground state. A voltage pulse alternating between ?0.2 and +0.2?V, applied to the piezoelectric layer of the central nanomagnet, generates alternating tensile and compressive stress in its magnetostrictive layer. This drives the array to the correct ground state where dipole interaction between the magnets ensures that the output is the NOR function of the input. For the system considered, the gate operation is executed while dissipating only ~33?000?kT (0.138?fJ) of energy.