Grand Challenges in IoT and Sensor Networks

The exponential growth in mobile traffic seen in the last couple of years, mainly due to the vast amount of wireless devices, such as smart phones and the Internet of Things (IoT), has resulted in the wireless network industry producing and collecting an unprecedented amount of data (Bi et al., 2015). According to the International Data Corporation, by 2025 the number of devices connected to the Internet will be around 42 billion, and a total of 80 zettabytes of data will be generated in the same year. There is no doubt that we are ushering in a new era, since IoT and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are deepening their integration in society and the roll-out of 5G technology will spur new innovations across all industries. The innovation in the IoT ecosystem is bridging the gap between the real and digital world; we are creating a hyper-connected society where devices are no longer used only to exchange data but are becoming more and more intelligent and context aware. The advancements in sensing, data processing, and cloud and communication technology has enabled the systems to interact with the environment and optimize processes via learning through interactions. This will lead to the creation of smart spaces and self-aware interconnected “things” for health, mobility, digital society, food, energy, and environmental applications (Qiu et al., 2018). In future, the IoT development process will most likely evolve from vertical to polymorphic applications, supporting both personal and industry users (Chen et al., 2014). To provide a pervasive, unified, and seamless experience to the end users, there are many challenges that need to be addressed, including: technology standards, interoperable module components supporting heterogeneous applications and requirements at several layers, the designing of low-cost IoT terminals with low-active power, and solutions guaranteeing end-to-end privacy and security (Chen et al., 2014). Several grand challenges inherent to IoT systems are outlined in the following sections.

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