GENDER AND CORRUPTION: A SURVEY OF THE EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE

I provide an overview of the literature that explores whether there are gender differences in corruption using economic decision-making experiments designed to simulate corrupt transactions usually involving acts of bribery between a firm and a government official. A primary focus of the chapter is to critically examine this evidence with a view to addressing the following question: will increased female participation in public life – both in government and bureaucracy – lead to reduced corruption? I find that across a wide variety of experiments, studying different aspects of corruption, it is either the case that women behave in a more pro-social and less corrupt manner than men or that there are no significant gender differences. There are no studies that find men to be less corrupt. Consequently, I conclude by arguing that we can answer the question posed above in the affirmative.

[1]  M. F. Rivas,et al.  An Experiment on Corruption and Gender , 2013 .

[2]  G. Charness,et al.  Strong Evidence for Gender Differences in Risk Taking , 2012 .

[3]  J. Lambsdorff,et al.  Corrupt reciprocity - Experimental evidence on a men's game , 2011 .

[4]  J. Lambsdorff,et al.  Gender and Corruption: Lessons from Laboratory Corruption Experiments , 2011 .

[5]  J. Lambsdorff,et al.  Bribing versus gift-giving – An experiment , 2010 .

[6]  Rachel T. A. Croson,et al.  Gender Differences in Preferences , 2009 .

[7]  Abigail Barr,et al.  The effects of externalities and framing on bribery in a petty corruption experiment , 2009 .

[8]  Ananish Chaudhuri,et al.  Propensities to engage in and punish corrupt behavior: Experimental evidence from Australia, India, Indonesia and Singapore , 2009 .

[9]  Ananish Chaudhuri,et al.  Subject pool effects in a corruption experiment: A comparison of Indonesian public servants and Indonesian students , 2009 .

[10]  Ananish Chaudhuri.  Experiments in Economics : Playing fair with money , 2009 .

[11]  Rachel T. A. Croson,et al.  Trust and gender: An examination of behavior and beliefs in the Investment Game , 2008 .

[12]  M. Johannesson,et al.  Gender differences in deception , 2008 .

[13]  Ananish Chaudhuri,et al.  Gender, Culture, and Corruption: Insights from an Experimental Analysis , 2008, Southern Economic Journal.

[14]  Susan Rose-Ackerman,et al.  International Handbook on the Economics of Corruption , 2007 .

[15]  Namawu Alhassan-Alolo.  Gender and corruption: testing the new consensus , 2007 .

[16]  P. Collier,et al.  Review: The Bottom Billion , 2007 .

[17]  James C. Cox,et al.  When are Women More Generous than Men , 2007 .

[18]  Steven D. Levitt,et al.  What Do Laboratory Experiments Measuring Social Preferences Reveal About the Real World , 2007 .

[19]  K. Abbink,et al.  Laboratory experiments on corruption , 2006 .

[20]  Heike Hennig-Schmidt,et al.  Neutral versus loaded instructions in a bribery experiment , 2006 .

[21]  Uri Gneezy,et al.  Deception: The Role of Consequences , 2005 .

[22]  K. Abbink,et al.  Staff rotation as an anti-corruption policy: an experimental study , 2004 .

[23]  H. Sung.  Fairer Sex or Fairer System? Gender and Corruption Revisited , 2003 .

[24]  Björn Frank,et al.  Deterrence versus intrinsic motivation: Experimental evidence on the determinants of corruptibility , 2003 .

[25]  Ernst Fehr,et al.  Reciprocity as a Contract Enforcement Device , 2001 .

[26]  Catherine C. Eckel,et al.  Chivalry and Solidarity in Ultimatum Games , 2001 .

[27]  S. Solnick.  Gender differences in the ultimatum game , 2001 .

[28]  J. Andreoni,et al.  Which is the Fair Sex? Gender Differences in Altruism , 2001 .

[29]  Björn Frank,et al.  Does economics make citizens corrupt , 2000 .

[30]  K. Abbink,et al.  The Moonlighting Game An Experimental Study On Reciprocity And Retribution , 2000 .

[31]  Stephen F. Knack,et al.  Gender and Corruption , 1999 .

[32]  Andreas Ortmann,et al.  Gender differences in the laboratory: evidence from prisoner’s dilemma games , 1999 .

[33]  N. Jianakoplos,et al.  ARE WOMEN MORE RISK AVERSE , 1998 .

[34]  Catherine C. Eckel,et al.  Are Women Less Selfish Than Men?: Evidence From Dictator Experiments , 1998 .

[35]  C. Cadsby,et al.  Gender and free riding in a threshold public goods game: Experimental evidence , 1998 .

[36]  Jane Sell,et al.  Gender, Strategies, and Contributions to Public Goods* , 1997 .

[37]  E. Fehr,et al.  Reciprocity as a contract enforcement device: experimental evidence , 1997 .

[38]  Catherine C. Eckel,et al.  Altruism in Anonymous Dictator Games , 1996 .

[39]  Catherine C. Eckel,et al.  The Relative Price of Fairness: Gender Differences in a Punishment Game , 1996 .

[40]  S. Seguino,et al.  Gender and cooperative behavior: economic man rides alone , 1996 .

[41]  Paulo Mauro.  Corruption and growth , 1995 .

[42]  S. Blount.  When Social Outcomes Aren't Fair: The Effect of Causal Attributions on Preferences , 1995 .

[43]  Joyce E. Berg,et al.  Trust, Reciprocity, and Social History , 1995 .

[44]  Clifford Nowell,et al.  The influence of gender on the provision of a public good , 1994 .

[45]  J. Brown-Kruse,et al.  Gender effects in laboratory public goods contribution: Do individuals put their money where their mouth is? , 1993 .

[46]  Rick K. Wilson,et al.  Are women more cooperative than men in social dilemmas , 1993 .

[47]  Jane Sell,et al.  Levels of Information and Contributions to Public Goods , 1991 .

[48]  A. Eagly,et al.  Gender and helping behavior: A meta-analytic review of the social psychological literature. , 1986, Psychological bulletin.

[49]  S. Rose-Ackerman.  Corruption: A study in political economy , 1978 .

[50]  Ananish Chaudhuri,et al.  RESEARCH ARTICLE Gender differences in trust and reciprocity in repeated gift exchange games , 2011 .

[51]  Ias L. Friedman.  Did You Hear the One About the Bankers , 2011 .

[52]  A. Waithima.  The role of gender, ethnicity and harambee in corruption: Experimental evidence from Kenya , 2011 .

[53]  Catherine C. Eckel,et al.  Differences in the Economic Decisions of Men and Women: Experimental Evidence , 2008 .

[54]  Catherine C. Eckel,et al.  Men, Women and Risk Aversion: Experimental Evidence , 2008 .

[55]  A. Goetz.  Political Cleaners: Women as the New Anti‐Corruption Force? , 2007 .

[56]  Ananish Chaudhuri,et al.  An Experimental Analysis of Trust and Trustworthiness , 2007 .

[57]  J. Lambsdorff.  The Institutional Economics of Corruption and Reform: References , 2007 .

[58]  J. Urzúa,et al.  Reducing Incentives for Corruption in the Mexico City Police Force , 2004 .

[59]  Preliminary – Please do not Circulate or Cite Without Permission of the Authors Are Women Really the "Fairer " Sex? Corruption and Women in Government , 1999 .

[60]  Bernd Irlenbusch,et al.  Editorial Addresses , 1999 .

[61]  Rachel T. A. Croson,et al.  Gender and Culture: International Experimental Evidence from Trust Games , 1999 .

[62]  Annika E. Sundén,et al.  Gender Differences in the Allocation of Assets in Retirement Savings Plans , 1998 .

[63]  P. Bardhan.  Corruption and Development: A Review of Issues , 1997 .

[64]  Daniel Kahneman,et al.  Fairness and the Assumptions of Economics , 1986 .

[65]  C. Gilligan.  In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982. , 1982 .

[66]  Olivier Armantier,et al.  Série Scientifique Scientific Series Can Corruption Be Studied in the Lab? Comparing a Field and a Lab Experiment Can Corruption Be Studied in the Lab? Comparing a Field and a Lab Experiment , 2022 .