Closed-loop supply chains based on by-product exchange

This paper emphasized on the by-products of closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) system. The cooperation processing based on by-products exchange in CLSC is discussed with the decision-making criterion of eco-efficiency maximization. Accordingly, a pricing model is given. The sustainability of the CLSC system is discussed under the circumstances of exergoeconomics. The metric of "system negative environment effect" is introduced to measure CLSC system performance. A case study of Guangxi Guitang Group in China is analyzed at last, which shows the multi-win brought by closed-loop supply chain management (CLSCM).