The GERG-2008 Wide-Range Equation of State for Natural Gases and Other Mixtures: An Expansion of GERG-2004

A new equation of state for the thermodynamic properties of natural gases, similar gases, and other mixtures, the GERG-2008 equation of state, is presented in this work. This equation is an expanded version of the GERG-2004 equation. GERG-2008 is explicit in the Helmholtz free energy as a function of density, temperature, and composition. The equation is based on 21 natural gas components: methane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, ethane, propane, n-butane, isobutane, n-pentane, isopentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, n-nonane, n-decane, hydrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide, water, hydrogen sulfide, helium, and argon. Over the entire composition range, GERG-2008 covers the gas phase, liquid phase, supercritical region, and vapor–liquid equilibrium states for mixtures of these components. The normal range of validity of GERG-2008 includes temperatures from (90 to 450) K and pressures up to 35 MPa where the most accurate experimental data of the thermal and caloric properties are represented to within their accura...

[1]  Kenneth R. Hall,et al.  p–ρ–T Behavior of Three Lean Synthetic Natural Gas Mixtures Using a Magnetic Suspension Densimeter and Isochoric Apparatus from (250 to 450) K with Pressures up to 150 MPa: Part II , 2011 .

[2]  Mark O. McLinden,et al.  p−ρ−T Behavior of Four Lean Synthetic Natural-Gas-Like Mixtures from 250 K to 450 K with Pressures to 37 MPa , 2011 .

[3]  Kenneth R. Hall,et al.  PρT Behavior of a Lean Synthetic Natural Gas Mixture Using Magnetic Suspension Densimeters and an Isochoric Apparatus: Part I , 2011 .

[4]  L. A. Galicia-Luna,et al.  New isothermal vapor–liquid equilibria for the CO2 + n-nonane, and CO2 + n-undecane systems , 2007 .

[5]  F. García-Sánchez,et al.  High-pressure vapor–liquid equilibria in the nitrogen–n-nonane system , 2007 .

[6]  L. Q. Lobo,et al.  Corrigendum to “Vapour pressure and excess Gibbs free energy of binary mixtures of hydrogen sulphide with ethane, propane, and n-butane at temperature of 182.33 K” [J. Chem. Thermodyn. 38 (2006) 1651–1654] , 2007 .

[7]  L. Q. Lobo,et al.  Vapour pressure and excess Gibbs free energy of binary mixtures of hydrogen sulphide with ethane, propane, and n-butane at temperature of 182.33 K , 2006 .

[8]  D. Richon,et al.  Vapour–liquid equilibrium data for the hydrogen sulphide + n-heptane system at temperatures from 293.25 to 373.22 K and pressures up to about 6.9 MPa , 2006 .

[9]  Octavio Elizalde-Solis,et al.  Experimental Vapor−Liquid Equilibria for the Carbon Dioxide + Octane and Carbon Dioxide + Decane Systems , 2006 .

[10]  J. Trusler,et al.  Speeds of sound in {(1 − x)CH4 + xN2} with x = (0.10001, 0.19999, and 0.5422) at temperatures between 170 K and 400 K and pressures up to 30 MPa , 2006 .

[11]  J. Trusler,et al.  Measurement of the (pressure, density, temperature) relation of two (methane + nitrogen) gas mixtures at temperatures between 240 and 400 K and pressures up to 20 MPa using an accurate single-sinker densimeter , 2006 .

[12]  Roland Span,et al.  Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids , 2006 .

[13]  O. Bolland,et al.  Measurement and modeling of hydrocarbon dew points for five synthetic natural gas mixtures , 2006 .

[14]  D. Richon,et al.  PρT and VLE for Ethane + Hydrogen Sulfide from (254.05 to 363.21) K at Pressures up to 20 MPa , 2005 .

[15]  N. Tripathi.  Densities, Viscosities, and Refractive Indices of Mixtures of Hexane with Cyclohexane, Decane, Hexadecane, and Squalane at 298.15 K , 2005 .

[16]  and Luis A. Galicia-Luna,et al.  Compressed Liquid Densities and Excess Volumes of CO2 + Decane Mixtures from (313 to 363) K and Pressures up to 25 MPa , 2005 .

[17]  Eric W. Lemmon,et al.  Thermodynamic Properties of n-Dodecane , 2004 .

[18]  Eric W. Lemmon,et al.  Equations of State for Mixtures of R-32, R-125, R-134a, R-143a, and R-152a , 2004 .

[19]  T. Tsuji,et al.  Measurements of bubble point pressure for CO2 + decane and CO2 + lubricating oil , 2004 .

[20]  A. Pádua,et al.  Viscosity and density of mixtures of methane and n-decane from 298 to 393 K and up to 75 MPa , 2004 .

[21]  B. Lee,et al.  Measurement of Vapor−Liquid Equilibria for the Binary Mixture of Propane (R-290) + Isobutane (R-600a) , 2004 .

[22]  Inmaculada Velasco,et al.  Dew Points of Ternary Methane (or Ethane) + Carbon Dioxide + Water Mixtures: Measurement and Correlation , 2004 .

[23]  H. Miyamoto,et al.  Helmholtz-Type Equations of State for Hydrocarbon Refrigerant Mixtures of Propane/n-Butane, Propane/Isobutane, n-Butane/Isobutane, and Propane/n-Butane/Isobutane , 2003 .

[24]  I. Velasco,et al.  Thermodynamic properties of synthetic natural gases. Part 3. Dew point curves of synthetic natural gases and their mixtures with water. Measurement and correlation , 2003 .

[25]  C. Boned,et al.  High-Pressure (up to 140 MPa) Dynamic Viscosity of the Methane+Decane System , 2002 .

[26]  I. Velasco,et al.  Thermodynamic properties of synthetic natural gases: Part 4. Dew point curves of synthetic natural gases and their mixtures with water: measurement and correlation , 2002 .

[27]  I. Velasco,et al.  Thermodynamic properties of synthetic natural gases. 1. Dew-point curves of synthetic natural gases and their mixtures with water and methanol. Measurement and correlation , 2002 .

[28]  W. Wagner,et al.  The IAPWS Formulation 1995 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use , 2002 .

[29]  I. Velasco,et al.  Thermodynamic Properties of Synthetic Natural Gases. 2. Dew Point Curves of Synthetic Natural Gases and Their Mixtures with Water and Methanol. Measurement and Correlation , 2002 .

[30]  J. Gmehling,et al.  Experimental Determination of Vapor−Liquid Equilibrium Data for Asymmetric Systems , 2002 .

[31]  Kenneth N. Marsh,et al.  Densities of Carbon Dioxide + Hydrogen Sulfide Mixtures from 220 K to 450 K at Pressures up to 25 MPa , 2001 .

[32]  J. Koehler,et al.  Experimental studies of phase equilibria in mixtures relevant for the description of natural gases , 2001 .

[33]  J. Daridon,et al.  Volumetric Behavior of Decane + Carbon Dioxide at High Pressures. Measurement and Calculation , 2001 .

[34]  A. Kidnay,et al.  Vapor−Liquid Equilibria for the Methane−Propane−Carbon Dioxide Systems at 230 K and 270 K , 2001 .

[35]  Khaled A. M. Gasem,et al.  An automated apparatus for equilibrium phase compositions, densities, and interfacial tensions: data for carbon dioxide + decane , 2001 .

[36]  S. G. Penoncello,et al.  Thermodynamic Properties of Air and Mixtures of Nitrogen, Argon, and Oxygen From 60 to 2000 K at Pressures to 2000 MPa , 2000 .

[37]  E. Lemmon,et al.  A Helmholtz energy equation of state for calculating the thermodynamic properties of fluid mixtures , 1999 .

[38]  Michael L. Michelsen,et al.  State function based flash specifications , 1999 .

[39]  K. Gasem,et al.  Solubilities of Nitrogen in Heavy Normal Paraffins from 323 to 423 K at Pressures to 18.0 MPa , 1999 .

[40]  Eric W. Lemmon,et al.  A Generalized Model for the Thermodynamic Properties of Mixtures , 1999 .

[41]  M. Gomes,et al.  The speed of sound in two methane-rich gas mixtures at temperatures between 250 K and 350 K and at pressures up to 20 MPa , 1998 .

[42]  S. Yeo,et al.  Critical Properties for Carbon Dioxide + n-Alkane Mixtures Using a Variable-Volume View Cell , 1998 .

[43]  W. Wagner,et al.  Simultaneous Optimization as a Method to Establish Generalized Functional Forms for Empirical Equations of State , 1998 .

[44]  Kenneth R. Hall,et al.  Burnett and pycnometric (p,Vm,T) measurements for natural gas mixtures , 1997 .

[45]  Joe W. Magee,et al.  Isochoric (p, ρ,T) measurements for five natural gas mixtures fromT=(225 to 350) K at pressures to 35 MPa , 1997 .

[46]  James G. Blencoe,et al.  Volumetric properties for {(1 –x)CO2+xCH4},{(1 −x)CO2+xN2}, and {(1 −x)CH4+xN2} at the preessures (19.94, 29.94, 39.94, 59.93, 79.93, and 99.93) MPa and the temperature 673.15 K , 1996 .

[47]  W. Wagner,et al.  A New Equation of State for Carbon Dioxide Covering the Fluid Region from the Triple‐Point Temperature to 1100 K at Pressures up to 800 MPa , 1996 .

[48]  R. Schucker,et al.  Comparison of High-Pressure Vapor−Liquid Equilibria of Mixtures of CO2 or Propane with Nonane and C9 Alkylbenzenes , 1996 .

[49]  J. C. Seitz,et al.  Volumetric properties for {(1 −x)CO2+xCH4}, {(1 −x)CO2+xN2}, and {(1 −x)CH4+xN2} at the pressures (9.94, 19.94, 29.94, 39.94, 59.93, 79.93, and 99.93) MPa and temperatures (323.15, 373.15, 473.15, and 573.15) K , 1996 .

[50]  V. González-Alfaro,et al.  Isobaric Vapor−Liquid Equilibria for Binary Systems Composed of Octane, Decane, and Dodecane at 20 kPa , 1996 .

[51]  P. Schley,et al.  Ideal-gas thermodynamic properties for natural-gas applications , 1995 .

[52]  P. Rice,et al.  Isothermal vapour-liquid equilibrium data for the systems n-pentane with n-hexane, n-octane and n-decane , 1995 .

[53]  J. Trusler.  The speed of sound in (0.8CH4 + 0.2C2H6)(g) at temperatures between 200 K and 375 K and amount-of-substance densities up to 5 mol·dm-3 , 1994 .

[54]  Ali Danesh,et al.  Prediction of VL and VLL equilibria of mixtures containing petroleum reservoir fluids and methanol with a cubic EoS , 1994 .

[55]  J. Arons,et al.  Measurement of the gas phase solubility of decane in nitrogen , 1993 .

[56]  H. Knapp,et al.  Saturation of high pressure gases with low volatile solvents: experiments and correlation , 1993 .

[57]  K. Gasem,et al.  Solubility of methane in hexane, decane, and dodecane at temperatures from 311 to 423 K and pressures to 10.4 MPa , 1992 .

[58]  Paul M. Mathias,et al.  Equation-of-State mixing rules for multicomponent mixtures: the problem of invariance , 1991 .

[59]  Wolfgang Wagner,et al.  A New Equation of State and Tables of Thermodynamic Properties for Methane Covering the Range from the Melting Line to 625 K at Pressures up to 100 MPa , 1991 .

[60]  A. Asfour,et al.  Densities and kinematic viscosities of some C6-C16 n-alkane binary liquid systems at 293.15 K , 1991 .

[61]  K. Chao,et al.  Vapor-liquid and liquid-liquid equilibria and critical states of water + n-decane mixtures , 1990 .

[62]  J. Chevalier,et al.  Viscosity and density of some aliphatic, cyclic, and aromatic hydrocarbons binary liquid mixtures , 1990 .

[63]  Wolfgang Wagner,et al.  A new method for optimizing the structure of thermodynamic correlation equations , 1989 .

[64]  D. Robinson,et al.  Equilibrium phase properties of the n-butane-hydrogen sulfide and isobutane-hydrogen sulfide binary systems , 1989 .

[65]  T. Chung,et al.  Vapor-liquid equilibria of nitrogen-hydrocarbon systems at elevated pressures , 1988 .

[66]  S. Saito,et al.  Measurement of vapor-liquid equilibria at elevated temperatures and pressures using a flow type apparatus. , 1986 .

[67]  K. D. Luks,et al.  Solubility of ethane in n-decane at pressures to 8.2 MPa and temperatures from 278 to 411 K , 1986 .

[68]  W. M. Haynes,et al.  Isochoric (p, Vm, x, T) measurements on (methane + ethane) from 100 to 320 K at pressures to 35 MPa☆ , 1985 .

[69]  A. S. Cullick,et al.  Densities and viscosities of mixtures of carbon dioxide and n-decane from 310 to 403 K and 7 to 30 MPa , 1984 .

[70]  W. M. Haynes.  Orthobaric liquid densities and dielectric constants of (methane+2-methyl-propane) and (methane+n-butane) at low temperatures☆ , 1983 .

[71]  W. M. Haynes,et al.  Low-density isochoric (p, V, T) measurements on (nitrogen + methane) , 1983 .

[72]  M. Michelsen.  The isothermal flash problem. Part II. Phase-split calculation , 1982 .

[73]  M. Michelsen.  The isothermal flash problem. Part I. Stability , 1982 .

[74]  R. D. Mccarty.  Mathematical models for the prediction of liquefied-natural-gas densities☆ , 1982 .

[75]  W. J. Haynes,et al.  Measurements of orthobaric-liquid densities of multicomponent mixtures of lng components (N2, CH4, C2H6, C3H8, CH3CH(CH3)CH3, C4H10, CH3CH(CH3)C2H5, and C5H12) between 110 and 130 K☆ , 1982 .

[76]  R. Grigg,et al.  Excess volumes of n-hexane +n-heptane, +n-octane, +n-nonane, and +n-decane at 283.15, 298.15, and 313.15 K , 1981 .

[77]  G. C. Straty,et al.  (p, V, T) of compressed and liquefied (nitrogen + methane) , 1980 .

[78]  K. Marsh,et al.  Excess enthalpies, excess volumes, and excess Gibbs free energies for (n-hexane + n-undecane) at 298.15 and 308.15 K , 1980 .

[79]  Ho-mu Lin,et al.  Vapor-liquid equilibrium in binary mixtures of carbon dioxide + n-decane and carbon dioxide + n-hexadecane , 1980 .

[80]  K. D. Luks,et al.  Three phase solid-liquid-vapor equilibriums of the binary hydrocarbon systems ethane-2-methylnaphthalene, ethane-naphthalene, propane-n-decane, and propane-n-dodecane , 1979 .

[81]  Ho-mu Lin,et al.  Gas-liquid equilibrium in binary mixtures of methane with N-decane, benzene, and toluene , 1979 .

[82]  W. M. Haynes,et al.  Orthobaric liquid densities and excess volumes for binary mixtures of low molarmass alkanes and nitrogen between 105 and 140 K , 1977 .

[83]  J. Prausnitz,et al.  Solubilities of heavy hydrocarbons in compressed methane and nitrogen , 1976 .

[84]  L. Staveley,et al.  Excess enthalpies and Gibbs free energies for nitrogen + methane at temperatures below the critical point of nitrogen , 1976 .

[85]  D. Robinson,et al.  Equilibrium-phase properties of carbon dioxide-butane and nitrogen-hydrogen sulfide systems at subambient temperatures , 1976 .

[86]  D. Peng,et al.  A New Two-Constant Equation of State , 1976 .

[87]  A. Fredenslund,et al.  Gas-liquid equilibrium of hydrogen sulphide + carbon monoxide , 1975 .

[88]  D. Robinson,et al.  Equilibrium-phase properties of nitrogen-hydrogen sulfide system , 1975 .

[89]  T. R. Krishnan,et al.  Compressibility factors of nitrogen-hydrogen sulfide mixtures , 1975 .

[90]  D. Robinson,et al.  THE EQUILIBRIUM PHASE PROPERTIES OF THE i-BUTANE-HYDROGEN SULFIDE SYSTEM , 1975 .

[91]  P. S. Chappelear,et al.  Low-temperature vapor-liquid equilibriums of nitrogen-methane system , 1974 .

[92]  Reid C. Miller,et al.  Experimental liquid mixture densities for testing and improving correlations for liquefied natural gas , 1973 .

[93]  M. P. Burgess,et al.  Physical properties of hydrogen sulfide‐water mixtures , 1969 .

[94]  J. P. Kohn,et al.  Multiphase and volumetric equilibria of the methane-n-decane binary system at temperatures between -36.degree. and 150.degree. , 1967 .

[95]  J. P. Kohn,et al.  Heterogeneous Phase and Volumetric Equilibrium in the Methane-n-Nonane System. , 1966 .

[96]  K. T. Koonce,et al.  A Method for Determining the Solubility of Gases in Relatively Nonvolatile Liquids: Solubility of Methane in n-Decane. , 1964 .

[97]  A. Azarnoosh,et al.  Nitrogen-n-Decane System in the Two-Phase Region. , 1963 .

[98]  B. Sage,et al.  Phase Equilibria in Hydrocarbon Systems. Volumetric and Phase Behavior of the n-Decane-CO2 System. , 1963 .

[99]  B. Sage,et al.  Phase Equilibria in Hydrocarbon Systems. Volumetric and Phase Behavior of the Ethane-n-Decane System. , 1962 .

[100]  F. Kurata,et al.  Phase equilibria of the propane‐hydrogen sulfide system from the cricondontherm to the solid‐liquid‐vapor region , 1961 .

[101]  D. P. Sobocinski,et al.  Heterogeneous phase equilibria of the hydrogen sulfide–carbon dioxide system , 1959 .

[102]  J. Prausnitz,et al.  Solubility of liquids in compressed hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide , 1959 .

[103]  J. P. Kohn,et al.  Heterogeneous phase equilibria of the methane—hydrogen sulfide system , 1958 .

[104]  B. Sage,et al.  PHASE EQUILIBRIA IN HYDROCARBON SYSTEMS - Volumetric and Phase Behavior of Decane–Hydrogen Sulfide System , 1953 .

[105]  W. Kay,et al.  Phase-Equilibrium Properties of System Carbon Dioxide-Hydrogen Sulfide , 1953 .

[106]  W. Kay,et al.  Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium Relations in Ethane-Hydrogen Sulfide System , 1953 .

[107]  B. H. Sage,et al.  Phase Behavior in the Hydrogen Sulfide-Water System , 1952 .

[108]  B. Sage,et al.  Phase Equilibria in Hydrocarbon Systems. Volumetric and Phase Behavior of the Propane-Carbon Dioxide System , 1951 .

[109]  B. Sage,et al.  PHASE EQUILIBRIA IN HYDROCARBON SYSTEMS - Volumetric and Phase Behavior of n-Pentane–Hydrogen Sulfide System , 1951 .

[110]  B. Sage,et al.  Phase Equilibria in Hydrocarbon Systems. Volumetric and Phase Behavior of the Methane-Propane System. , 1950 .

[111]  D. Katz,et al.  Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Constants for Carbon Monoxide , 1948 .

[112]  B. Sage,et al.  Phase Equilibria in HydrocarbonSystems , 1942 .

[113]  B. Sage,et al.  Phase Equilibria in Hydrocarbon Systems MethaneDecane System , 1940 .

[114]  M. Wieser.  Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report) , 2006 .

[115]  I. Velasco,et al.  Thermodynamic properties of synthetic natural gases. 5. Dew point curves of synthetic natural gases and their mixtures with water and with water and methanol: Measurement and correlation , 2004 .

[116]  Roland Span,et al.  Equations of State for Technical Applications. I. Simultaneously Optimized Functional Forms for Nonpolar and Polar Fluids , 2003 .

[117]  J. Estela-Uribe.  Equation of state for natural gas systems , 1999 .

[118]  Daniel G. Friend,et al.  A Helmholtz Free Energy Formulation of the Thermodynamic Properties of the Mixture {Water + Ammonia} , 1998 .

[119]  N. G. Polikhronidi,et al.  P-V-T MEASUREMENTS OF N-DECANE-CO2 BINARY SYSTEM , 1997 .

[120]  K. Gasem,et al.  Solubilities of carbon monoxide in heavy normal paraffins at temperatures from 311 to 423 K and pressures to 10.2 MPa , 1995 .

[121]  K. Gasem,et al.  Solubilities of Hydrogen in Heavy Normal Paraffins at Temperatures from 323.2 to 423.2 K and Pressures to 17.4 MPa , 1995 .

[122]  D. Richon,et al.  Vapor-Liquid Equilibria for Hydrogen Sulfide + Hexane, + Cyclohexane, + Benzene, + Pentadecane, and + (Hexane + Pentadecane) , 1995 .

[123]  M. Burguet,et al.  Densities, viscosities, and refractive indices of some n-alkane binary liquid systems at 298.15 K , 1995 .

[124]  B. Younglove,et al.  SPEED OF SOUND DATA AND RELATED MODELS FOR MIXTURES OF NATURAL GAS CONSTITUENTS. , 1993 .

[125]  D. Robinson,et al.  High-pressure vapor-liquid equilibrium phase properties of the isopentane-hydrogen sulfide and neopentane-hydrogen sulfide binary systems , 1992 .

[126]  J. Arons,et al.  Measurements on the phase behavior of binary hydrocarbon mixtures for modelling the condensation behavior of natural gas: Part I. The system methane + decane , 1992 .

[127]  Michael L. Michelsen,et al.  On composition-dependent interaction coefficeints , 1990 .

[128]  J. Prausnitz,et al.  High-pressure vapor-liquid equilibria for carbon dioxide/n-decane, carbon dioxide/tetralin, and carbon dioxide/n-decane/tetralin at 71.1 and 104.4.degree. C , 1990 .

[129]  H. Teranishi,et al.  Ultrasonic speeds and thermodynamics for binary solutions of n-alkanes under high pressures , 1985 .

[130]  D. Richon,et al.  A static method for determination of vapour—liquid equilibria and saturated liquid molar volumes at high pressures and temperatures using a new variable-volume cell , 1983 .

[131]  R. Heidemann,et al.  Computation of high pressure phase equilibria , 1983 .

[132]  Ho-mu Lin,et al.  Gas-liquid equilibrium in the hydrogen + n-decane system at elevated temperatures and pressures , 1980 .

[133]  Michael L. Michelsen,et al.  Calculation of phase envelopes and critical points for multicomponent mixtures , 1980 .

[134]  D. Robinson,et al.  Equilibrium phase properties of the toluene-hydrogen sulfide and heptane-hydrogen sulfide binary systems , 1980 .

[135]  W. M. Haynes,et al.  Orthobaric liquid densities and excess volumes for multicomponent mixtures of low molar-mass alkanes and nitrogen between 105 and 125 K , 1980 .

[136]  T. R. Krishnan,et al.  The equilibrium phase properties of the ethane-hydrogen sulfide system at subambient temperatures , 1977 .

[137]  B. Sage,et al.  Phase equilibriums in hydrocarbon systems. Phase behavior in the methane--propane--n-decane system , 1970 .

[138]  B. Sage,et al.  Phase Equilibria in Hydrocarbon Systems. Volumetric and Phase Behavior of the Propane-n-Decane System. , 1966 .

[139]  B. Sage,et al.  Partial Volumetric Behavior in Hydrocarbon Systems. n-Decane and Carbon Dioxide in the Liquid Phase of the n-Decane-Carbon Dioxide System. , 1965 .

[140]  B. Sage,et al.  Phase Equilibria in Hydrocarbon Systems. Phase Behavior in the n-Butane-n-Decane System. , 1964 .

[141]  J. P. Kohn,et al.  Volumetric Behavior of the Methane-Hydrogen Sulfide System at Low Temperatures and High Pressures. , 1959 .

[142]  W. Kay,et al.  Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium Relations in Binary Systems - Propane - Hydrogen Sulfide System. , 1953 .

[143]  B. Sage,et al.  PHASE EQUILIBRIA IN HYDROCARBON SYSTEMS. VOLUMETRIC BEHAVIOR OF NITROGEN-ETHANE SYSTEM , 1952 .

[144]  B. Sage,et al.  Phase Equilibrium in Hydrocarbon Systems.Methane–Carbon Dioxide System in the Gaseous Region , 1944 .

[145]  E. Gilliland,et al.  High-Pressure Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium , 1940 .