Measurement of Automotive Nonvolatile Particle Number Emissions within the European Legislative Framework: A Review

In 2011, the European Commission introduced a limit for nonvolatile particle number (PN) emissions >23 nm from light-duty (LD) vehicles and the stated intent is to implement similar legislation for on-road heavy-duty (HD) engines at the next legislative stage. This paper reviews the recent literature regarding the operation-dependent emission of PN from LD vehicles and HD engines, and the measurement procedure used for regulatory purposes. The repeatability of the PN method is of the order of 5% and higher scatter of the results can easily be explained by the effect of the vehicles or the aftertreatment devices on the PN emissions (e.g., the fill state of the diesel particulate filters). Reproducibility remains an issue since it may exceed 30%. These high-variability levels are mainly associated with calibration uncertainties of the PN instruments. Correlation measurements between the full-flow dilution tunnels (constant-volume samplers, CVS) and the proportional partial-flow dilution systems (PFDS) showed agreement within 15% for the PN method down to 1 × 1011 p/kWh. At lower concentrations, the PN background of the CVS and/or the PFDS can result in larger inconsistencies. The filter-based particulate matter (PM) mass and the PN emissions correlate well down to 1–2 mg/km for LD vehicles and to 2–3 mg/kWh for HD applications. The correlation improves when only elemental carbon mass is considered: it is relatively good down to 0.1–0.3 mg/km or mg/kWh. Copyright 2012 American Association for Aerosol Research

[1]  S. Plee,et al.  Some Rudiments of Diesel Particulate Emissions , 1980 .

[2]  J. Macdonald,et al.  Status of diesel particulate measurement methods , 1984 .

[3]  P. M. Clifford,et al.  The international vocabulary of basic and general terms in metrology , 1985 .

[4]  W. Koch,et al.  Verdünnungssystem für die Messung hochkonzentrierter Acrosole mit optischen Partikelzählern , 1988 .

[5]  Richard C. Flagan,et al.  Scanning Electrical Mobility Spectrometer , 1989 .

[6]  David B. Kittelson,et al.  Further studies of electrostatic collection and agglomeration of diesel particles , 1991 .

[7]  David B. Kittelson,et al.  Variability in Particle Emission Measurements in the Heavy Duty Transient Test , 1991 .

[8]  G. Oberdörster,et al.  Pulmonary retention of ultrafine and fine particles in rats. , 1992, American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology.

[9]  F. Stratmann,et al.  Thermophoretical and diffusional particle transport in cooled laminar tube flow , 1994 .

[10]  D. Kittelson,et al.  Real time measurement of volatile and solid exhaust particles using a catalytic stripper , 1995 .

[11]  K. Baumgard,et al.  Characterization of fuel and aftertreatment device effects on diesel emissions. , 1996, Research report.

[12]  G. Oberdorster,et al.  Significance of particle parameters in the evaluation of exposure-dose-response relationships of inhaled particles. , 1996, Inhalation toxicology.

[13]  G. Oberdörster,et al.  Significance of particle parameters in the evaluation of exposure-dose-response relationships of inhaled particles , 1996 .

[14]  Heinz Burtscher,et al.  An accurate, continuously adjustable dilution system (1:10 to 1:104) for submicron aerosols , 1997 .

[15]  M. Løvik,et al.  Diesel exhaust particles and carbon black have adjuvant activity on the local lymph node response and systemic IgE production to ovalbumin. , 1997, Toxicology.

[16]  W. MacNee,et al.  Ultrafine (nanometre) particle mediated lung injury , 1998 .

[17]  Qiang Wei,et al.  Diesel Exhaust Particle Size: Measurement Issues and Trends , 1998 .

[18]  Jan Czerwinski,et al.  VERT : DIESEL NANO-PARTICULATE EMISSIONS : PROPERTIES AND REDUCTION STRATEGIES , 1998 .

[19]  D. Kittelson.  Engines and nanoparticles: a review , 1998 .

[20]  David B. Kittelson,et al.  Exhaust particulate emissions from a direct injection spark ignition engine , 1999 .

[21]  Simone Hochgreb,et al.  MECHANISMS OF PARTICULATE MATTER FORMATION IN SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES. 1: EFFECT OF ENGINE OPERATING CONDITIONS , 1999 .

[22]  V. Castranova,et al.  Effects of diesel exhaust particles (DEP), carbon black, and silica on macrophage responses to lipopolysaccharide: evidence of DEP suppression of macrophage activity. , 1999, Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A.

[23]  M. Maricq,et al.  Vehicle Exhaust Particle Size Distributions: A Comparison of Tailpipe and Dilution Tunnel Measurements , 1999 .

[24]  Mohammad Haghgooie,et al.  Particulate Emissions from a Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition (DISI) Engine , 1999 .

[25]  D. Kittelson,et al.  The influence of dilution conditions on diesel exhaust particle size distribution measurements , 1999 .

[26]  D. E. Hall,et al.  Measurement of the number and size distribution of particles emitted from a gasoline direct-injection vehicle , 1999 .

[27]  Richard E. Chase,et al.  GASOLINE VEHICLE PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS: COMPARISON OF STEADY STATE, FTP, AND US06 MEASUREMENTS , 1999 .

[28]  U. Matter,et al.  Particulate Traps for Retro-Fitting Construction Site Engines VERT: Final Measurements and Implementation , 1999 .

[29]  Michael J. Kleeman,et al.  MEASUREMENT OF EMISSIONS FROM AIR POLLUTION SOURCES. 2. C1 THROUGH C30 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FROM MEDIUM DUTY DIESEL TRUCKS , 1999 .

[30]  Richard E. Chase,et al.  Examination of the Size-Resolved and Transient Nature of Motor Vehicle Particle Emissions , 1999 .

[31]  Ben J. Williamson,et al.  Physicochemical characterisation of diesel exhaust particles: Factors for assessing biological activity , 1999 .

[32]  Günter Oberdörster,et al.  Toxicology of ultrafine particles: in vivo studies , 2000 .

[33]  C. Pope.  Epidemiology of fine particulate air pollution and human health: biologic mechanisms and who's at risk? , 2000, Environmental Health Perspectives.

[34]  N. Collings,et al.  Particles from internal combustion engines - what we need to know , 2000, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[35]  Güunter Oberdürster.  Toxicology of ultrafine particles: in vivo studies , 2000, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[36]  C. rd,et al.  Epidemiology of fine particulate air pollution and human health: biologic mechanisms and who's at risk? , 2000 .

[37]  Chris Barnes,et al.  DETR/SMMT/ CONCAWE Particle Research Programme: Heavy Duty Results , 2000 .

[38]  Martin Mohr,et al.  Particulate Emissions of Gasoline Vehicles and Influence of the Sampling Procedure , 2000 .

[39]  David L. Harrington,et al.  Automotive Spark-Ignited Direct-Injection Gasoline Engines , 2000 .

[40]  Stephan Schraml,et al.  Application of a new soot sensor for exhaust emission control based on time-resolved laser-induced incandescence (TIRE-LII) , 2000 .

[41]  M. Maricq,et al.  Signature size distributions for diesel and gasoline engine exhaust particulate matter , 2001 .

[42]  G R Cass,et al.  Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources. 3. C1-C29 organic compounds from fireplace combustion of wood. , 2001, Environmental science & technology.

[43]  Jon D. Andersson,et al.  DETR/SMMT/CONCAWE Particulate Research Programme: Light Duty Results , 2001 .

[44]  UNITED NATIONS,et al.  Worldwide Harmonized Heavy Duty Emissions Certification Procedure , 2001 .

[45]  M. Maricq,et al.  The effects of the catalytic converter and fuel sulfur level on motor vehicle particulate matter emissions: light duty diesel vehicles. , 2002, Environmental science & technology.

[46]  M. Kostoglou,et al.  Cluster-cluster aggregation kinetics and primary particle growth of soot nanoparticles in flame by light scattering and numerical simulations. , 2002, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[47]  Principal Investigator,et al.  DIESEL AEROSOL SAMPLING METHODOLOGY - CRC E-43 , 2002 .

[48]  Stephen J. Harris,et al.  The role of fragmentation in defining the signature size distribution of diesel soot , 2002 .

[49]  PM-reduction by SCR-catalyst , 2003 .

[50]  S. Weinbruch,et al.  Transmission electron microscopical and aerosol dynamical characterization of soot aerosols , 2003 .

[51]  K. Donaldson,et al.  Investigating the potential for interaction between the components of PM10 , 2003, Environmental health and preventive medicine.

[52]  Leonidas Ntziachristos,et al.  Particulate matter mass measurements for low emitting diesel powered vehicles: what's next? , 2003 .

[53]  Martin Mohr,et al.  Part 2: Effect of sampling conditions and fuel sulphur content on the particle emission , 2003 .

[54]  Martin Mohr,et al.  Part1: Particle characterisation of a wide range of engine technologies , 2003 .

[55]  Wolfgang Berg,et al.  Legislation for the Reduction of Exhaust Gas Emissions , 2003 .

[56]  Robert Henry Hammerle,et al.  Performance of a catalyzed- diesel particulate filter system during soot accumulation and regeneration , 2003 .

[57]  J. Schauer.  Evaluation of elemental carbon as a marker for diesel particulate matter , 2003, Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology.

[58]  Artur Braun,et al.  Size-range analysis of diesel soot with ultra-small angle X-ray scattering , 2004 .

[59]  Reinhard Niessner,et al.  New Strategies for Soot Emission Reduction of HD Vehicles , 2004 .

[60]  Jorma Keskinen,et al.  Nucleation mode formation in heavy-duty diesel exhaust with and without a particulate filter. , 2004, Environmental science & technology.

[61]  Leonidas Ntziachristos,et al.  Performance Evaluation of a Novel Sampling and Measurement System for Exhaust Particle Characterization , 2004 .

[62]  Leonidas Ntziachristos,et al.  Overview of the European “Particulates” Project on the Characterization of Exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Vehicles: Results for Heavy Duty Engines , 2004 .

[63]  Leonidas Ntziachristos,et al.  Calibration and modelling of ejector dilutors for automotive exhaust sampling , 2004 .

[64]  M. Maricq,et al.  The effective density and fractal dimension of soot particles from premixed flames and motor vehicle exhaust , 2004 .

[65]  Jon D. Andersson,et al.  UK Particulate Measurement Programme (PMP): A Near US 2007 Approach to Heavy Duty Diesel Particulate Measurements - Comparison with the Standard European Method , 2004 .

[66]  Reinhard Niessner,et al.  A Photoacoustic Sensor System for Time Resolved Quantification of Diesel Soot Emissions , 2004 .

[67]  Andreas Petzold,et al.  Multi-angle absorption photometry—a new method for the measurement of aerosol light absorption and atmospheric black carbon , 2004 .

[68]  S. Zielinski,et al.  International Court of Justice , 2002, International Organization.

[69]  M. Kasper,et al.  The Number Concentration of Non-Volatile Particles - Design Study for an Instrument According to the PMP Recommendations , 2004 .

[70]  Richard E. Chase,et al.  PM Measurement Artifact: Organic Vapor Deposition on Different Filter Media , 2004 .

[71]  Leonidas Ntziachristos,et al.  Comparability of particle emission measurements between vehicle testing laboratories: a long way to go , 2004 .

[72]  A. Vakkilainen,et al.  Particle Oxidation Catalyst (POC) for Diesel Vehicles , 2004 .

[73]  J. Keskinen,et al.  Effect of engine load on diesel soot particles. , 2004, Environmental science & technology.

[74]  P. Mcmurry,et al.  Structural Properties of Diesel Exhaust Particles Measured by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Relationships to Particle Mass and Mobility , 2004 .

[75]  V. Kati,et al.  Effect of After-Treatment Systems on Size Distribution of Heavy Duty Diesel Exhaust Aerosol , 2004 .

[76]  Leonidas Ntziachristos,et al.  Sampling Conditions for the Measurement of Nucleation Mode Particles in the Exhaust of a Diesel Vehicle , 2004 .

[77]  Martin Mohr,et al.  Comprehensive particle characterization of modern gasoline and diesel passenger cars at low ambient temperatures , 2005 .

[78]  Leonidas Ntziachristos,et al.  Formation potential of vehicle exhaust nucleation mode particles on-road and in the laboratory , 2005 .

[79]  Leonidas Ntziachristos,et al.  Modelling of diesel exhaust aerosol during laboratory sampling , 2005 .

[80]  E. Zervas,et al.  Interlaboratory Test of Exhaust PM Using ELPI , 2005 .

[81]  H. Burtscher.  Physical characterization of particulate emissions from diesel engines: a review , 2005 .

[82]  P. Russo,et al.  Issues on soot removal from exhaust gases by means of radial flow ceramic traps , 2005 .

[83]  Martin Mohr,et al.  Comparison of mass-based and non-mass-based particle measurement systems for ultra-low emissions from automotive sources. , 2005, Environmental science & technology.

[84]  Leonidas Ntziachristos,et al.  Comparative Assessment of Two Different Sampling Systems for Particle Emission Type-Approval Measurements , 2005 .

[85]  David B. Kittelson,et al.  On-road and laboratory evaluation of combustion aerosols—Part 2:: Summary of spark ignition engine results , 2006 .

[86]  Masayuki Adachi,et al.  Real-Time Measuring System for Engine Exhaust Solid Particle Number Emission - Design and Performance , 2006 .

[87]  Liisa Pirjola,et al.  Effect of dilution conditions and driving parameters on nucleation mode particles in diesel exhaust : Laboratory and on-road study , 2006 .

[88]  J. C. Momique,et al.  Interlaboratory Study of the Exhaust Gas Particle Number Measurement Using the Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) , 2006 .

[89]  B. Rappenglück,et al.  First measurements of H2O2 and organic peroxides surface fluxes by the relaxed eddy-accumulation technique , 2006 .

[90]  Bruce Campbell,et al.  Transient Gaseous and Particulate Emissions Measurements on a Diesel Passenger Car including a DPF Regeneration Event , 2006 .

[91]  Q. Wei,et al.  Real-Time Measuring System for Engine Exhaust Solid Particle Number Emission - Performance and Vehicle Tests , 2006 .

[92]  David B. Kittelson,et al.  On-road and laboratory evaluation of combustion aerosols-Part1: Summary of diesel engine results , 2006 .

[93]  Tony Collier,et al.  Dynamic Particulate Measurements from a DISI Vehicle: A Comparison of DMS500, ELPI, CPC and PASS , 2006 .

[94]  Magdi K. Khair,et al.  Diesel Emissions and Their COntrol , 2006 .

[95]  Martin Mohr,et al.  Particle emissions from diesel passenger cars equipped with a particle trap in comparison to other technologies. , 2006, Environmental science & technology.

[96]  J. Keskinen,et al.  Effect of oxidation catalysts on diesel soot particles. , 2006, Environmental science & technology.

[97]  D. Bosteels,et al.  ‘Regulated’ and ‘Non-regulated’ Emissions from Modern European Passenger Cars , 2006 .

[98]  Masatoshi Shimoda,et al.  The Study of NOx and PM Reduction Using Urea Selective Catalytic Reduction System for Heavy Duty Diesel Engine , 2007 .

[99]  M. Maricq.  Chemical characterization of particulate emissions from diesel engines: A review , 2007 .

[100]  Alberto Ayala,et al.  Investigation of Ultrafine Particle Number Measurements from a Clean Diesel Truck Using the European PMP Protocol , 2007 .

[101]  Tetsuya Yamashita,et al.  Nano Particle Emission Evaluation of State of the Art Diesel Aftertreatment Technologies (DPF, urea-SCR and DOC), Gasoline Combustion Systems (Lean Burn / Stoichiometric DISI and MPI) and Fuel Qualities Effects (EtOH, ETBE, FAME, Aromatics and Distillation) , 2007 .

[102]  Jon Andersson,et al.  Particle Measurement Programme (PMP):Particle Size and Number Emissions Before, During and After Regeneration Events of a Euro 4 DPF Equipped Light-Duty Diesel Vehicle. , 2007 .

[103]  P. Quincey,et al.  Particle measurement programme - analysis of errors. , 2007 .

[104]  Roberto Casati,et al.  Measurement of nucleation and soot mode particle emission from a diesel passenger car in real world and laboratory in situ dilution , 2007 .

[105]  Leonidas Ntziachristos,et al.  Effect of Speed and Speed-Transition on the Formation of Nucleation Mode Particles from a Light Duty Diesel Vehicle , 2007 .

[106]  Giechaskiel Barouch,et al.  Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) Light-duty Inter-laboratory Correlation Exercise (ILCE_LD) Final Report , 2007 .

[107]  Liisa Pirjola,et al.  Nucleation mode particles with a nonvolatile core in the exhaust of a heavy duty diesel vehicle. , 2007, Environmental science & technology.

[108]  Regulated and Non-Regulated Pollutants Emitted during the Regeneration of a Diesel Particulate Filter , 2007 .

[109]  K. Oh,et al.  A Characteristics of Particle Number Distribution for the Urea Solution Injection to Urea SCR System of Commercial Diesel Engine for an Emission Regulation , 2007 .

[110]  G. Barouch,et al.  Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) Heavy-Duty (HD) Inter-laboratory Exercise - Validation Exercise Tests at JRC (Phase A: Feb. '08 and Phase B: June '08) , 2008 .

[111]  L. Isella,et al.  Diesel-exhaust aerosol dynamics from the tailpipe to the dilution tunnel , 2008 .

[112]  A. De Filippo,et al.  Diesel nucleation mode particles: semivolatile or solid? , 2008, Environmental science & technology.

[113]  G. Martini,et al.  Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) Heavy-Duty (HD) Inter-laboratory Exercise , 2008 .

[114]  Characterisation of the Second Generation PMP “Golden Instrument” , 2008 .

[115]  A. Konstandopoulos,et al.  Update on the Science and Technology of Diesel Particulate Filters , 2008 .

[116]  Jon Andersson,et al.  Particle measurement programme (PMP) light-duty inter-laboratory exercise: comparison of different particle number measurement systems , 2008 .

[117]  Jon Andersson,et al.  Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) Light-Duty Inter-Laboratory Exercise: Repeatability and Reproducibility of the Particle Number Method , 2008 .

[118]  Heavy-duty Engine Particulate Emissions: Application of PMP Methodology to measure Particle Number and Particulate Mass , 2008 .

[119]  David B. Kittelson,et al.  Impact of Ambient Temperatures and Driving Conditions on the Chemical Composition of Particulate Matter Emissions from Non-Smoking Gasoline-Powered Motor Vehicles , 2008 .

[120]  Alberto Ayala,et al.  Physical properties of particulate matter (PM) from late model heavy-duty diesel vehicles operating with advanced PM and NOx emission control technologies , 2008 .

[121]  Peter Eastwood,et al.  Particulate Emissions from Vehicles , 2008 .

[122]  D Pickles,et al.  Effect of fuel and lube oil sulfur on the performance of a diesel exhaust gas continuously regenerating trap. , 2008, Environmental science & technology.

[123]  Liisa Pirjola,et al.  Heavy duty diesel engine exhaust aerosol particle and ion measurements. , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[124]  Lang Tran,et al.  Nanoparticles, human health hazard and regulation , 2010, Journal of The Royal Society Interface.

[125]  R. Vogt,et al.  TEM study on volatility and potential presence of solid cores in nucleation mode particles from diesel powered passenger cars , 2009 .

[126]  B. Giechaskiel,et al.  A note on the comparison of particle number counters , 2009 .

[127]  Flemming R Cassee,et al.  Oxidative potential of semi-volatile and non volatile particulate matter (PM) from heavy-duty vehicles retrofitted with emission control technologies. , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[128]  G. Martini,et al.  Future European emission standards for vehicles: the importance of the UN-ECE Particle Measurement Programme , 2009, Biomarkers : biochemical indicators of exposure, response, and susceptibility to chemicals.

[129]  J. Schauer,et al.  Chemical speciation of PM emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles equipped with diesel particulate filter (DPF) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) retrofits , 2009 .

[130]  Minho Lee,et al.  Inter-laboratory correlation exercise on a light-duty diesel passenger vehicle to verify nano-particle emission characteristics by Korea particle measurement program , 2009 .

[131]  Jon Andersson,et al.  Heavy Duty Particle Measurement Programme (PMP): Exploratory Work for the Definition of the Test Protocol , 2009 .

[132]  Barouch Giechaskiel,et al.  Calibration of Condensation Particle Counters for Legislated Vehicle Number Emission Measurements , 2009 .

[133]  Barouch Giechaskiel,et al.  Calibration and Validation of Various Commercial Particle Number Measurement Systems , 2009 .

[134]  G. Mulholland,et al.  Calibration of a Condensation Particle Counter Using a NIST Traceable Method , 2009 .

[135]  David B. Kittelson,et al.  Influence of storage and release on particle emissions from new and used CRTs , 2009 .

[136]  G. Etiope.  EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2009 , 2009 .

[137]  Thorsten Benter,et al.  On-road and laboratory investigation of low-level PM emissions of a modern diesel particulate filter equipped diesel passenger car , 2009 .

[138]  Alberto Ayala,et al.  Evaluation of the European PMP Methodologies during On-Road and Chassis Dynamometer Testing for DPF Equipped Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles , 2009 .

[139]  J. Lemaire,et al.  Testing of Combined DPF+SCR Systems for HD-retrofitting – VERTdePN , 2009 .

[140]  Alberto Ayala,et al.  Metals emitted from heavy-duty diesel vehicles equipped with advanced PM and NOX emission controls , 2009 .

[141]  Leonidas Ntziachristos,et al.  Chemical characteristics and oxidative potential of particulate matter emissions from gasoline, diesel, and biodiesel cars. , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[142]  Gary D. Maupin,et al.  Single wall diesel particulate filter (DPF) filtration efficiency studies using laboratory generated particles , 2009 .

[143]  Jan Czerwinski,et al.  Metal-Oxide Particles in Combustion Engine Exhaust , 2010 .

[144]  Ulf Kirchner,et al.  Investigation of EURO-5/6 Level Particle Number Emissions of European Diesel Light Duty Vehicles , 2010 .

[145]  Alexander Bergmann,et al.  Calibration and accuracy of a particle number measurement system , 2010 .

[146]  L. Ntziachristos,et al.  The Potential of a Partial-Flow Constant Dilution Ratio Sampling System as a Candidate for Vehicle Exhaust Aerosol Measurements Leonidas Ntziachristos , 2010, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association.

[147]  D. Kittelson,et al.  Evaluation of thermal denuder and catalytic stripper methods for solid particle measurements , 2010 .

[148]  G. Martini,et al.  Evaluation of the particle measurement programme (PMP) protocol to remove the vehicles' exhaust aerosol volatile phase. , 2010, The Science of the total environment.

[149]  The potential of a partial-flow constant dilution ratio sampling system as a candidate for vehicle exhaust aerosol measurements. , 2010, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association.

[150]  D. Kittelson,et al.  Effect of organometallic fuel additives on nanoparticle emissions from a gasoline passenger car. , 2010, Environmental science & technology.

[151]  Richard Stone,et al.  Particle Number Emissions from a Range of European Vehicles , 2010 .

[152]  Martini Giorgio,et al.  Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) Heavy-duty Inter-laboratory Correlation Exercise (ILCE_HD) , 2010 .

[153]  Robert Caldow,et al.  Evaluation of a condensation particle counter for vehicle emission measurement: Experimental procedure and effects of calibration aerosol material , 2010 .

[154]  Barouch Giechaskiel,et al.  Comparison of Particle Number Measurements from the Full Dilution Tunnel, the Tailpipe and Two Partial Flow Systems , 2010 .

[155]  Imad A. Khalek,et al.  Particle Emissions from a 2009 Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Using Different Commercially Available Fuels , 2010 .

[156]  Leonidas Ntziachristos,et al.  Diesel passenger car PM emissions: From Euro 1 to Euro 4 with particle filter , 2010 .

[157]  Achim Karl-Erich Heibel,et al.  Measurement and prediction of filtration efficiency evolution of soot loaded diesel particulate filters , 2010 .

[158]  Sherry Zhang,et al.  Emissions from a diesel car during regeneration of an active diesel particulate filter , 2010 .

[159]  N. Takegawa,et al.  Laboratory Evaluation of a TSI Condensation Particle Counter (Model 3771) Under Airborne Measurement Conditions , 2011 .

[160]  H. Sakurai,et al.  Two sources of error in determination of the particle concentration reduction factor of the volatile particle remover used in legislated vehicle emission measurement , 2011 .

[161]  Mikio Makino,et al.  New Particulate Filter Concept to Reduce Particle Number Emissions , 2011 .

[162]  Pierre Bonnel,et al.  Feasibility of Particulate Mass and Number Measurement with Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS) for In-Use Testing , 2011 .

[163]  Bernd Fusshoeller,et al.  Strategies Towards Meeting Future Particulate Matter Emission Requirements in Homogeneous Gasoline Direct Injection Engines , 2011 .

[164]  Bonnel Pierre,et al.  EU-PEMS PM Evaluation Program - Second Report - Study on Post DPF PM/PN Emissions , 2011 .

[165]  B. Giechaskiel,et al.  Accuracy of Particle Number Measurements from Partial Flow Dilution Systems , 2011 .

[166]  Martini Giorgio,et al.  Particle Emissions from a Euro 5a Certified Diesel Passenger Car , 2011 .

[167]  Condensation Particle Counter Proportionality Calibration from 1 Particle·cm−3 to 104 Particles·cm−3 , 2011 .

[168]  Alberto Ayala,et al.  Effect of advanced aftertreatment for PM and NOx reduction on heavy-duty diesel engine ultrafine particle emissions. , 2011, Environmental science & technology.

[169]  Alexander Bergmann,et al.  Validation of 14 used, re-calibrated and new TSI 3790 condensation particle counters according to the UN-ECE Regulation 83 , 2011 .

[170]  Paul Kapus,et al.  Measures to Reduce Particulate Emissions from Gasoline DI engines , 2011 .

[171]  Rainer Vogt,et al.  Motor Vehicle PM Emissions Measurement at LEV III Levels , 2011 .

[172]  B. Giechaskiel,et al.  On-Site Checks of the Particle Number Measurement Systems with Polydisperse Aerosol , 2012 .

[173]  Martini Giorgio,et al.  Assessment of particle number limits for petrol vehicles , 2012 .