DRU Based Low Frequency AC Transmission Scheme for Offshore Wind Farm Integration

The low frequency AC (LFAC) technology is found to be a competitive solution for offshore wind farm integration. This article proposed an LFAC system with a hybrid onshore back-to-back (BtB) converter, for which the diode-based rectifier unit (DRU) and modular multilevel converter (MMC) based inverter are adopted. Then, this article also proposed corresponding control strategies for offshore wind turbines, where the DC link voltage control is implemented on the machine side converter, and the AC voltage of the offshore grid is controlled by the grid side converter based on the fixed reference frame. The small signal analysis for the whole system was carried out based on the equivalent circuit, and the small-signal stability is proven by calculated eigenvalues. And the system responses to typical operating conditions are investigated by time-domain simulations in PSCAD. Thus, the feasibility of the proposed scheme is verified.

[1]  Ronnie Belmans,et al.  Economic comparison of VSC HVDC and HVAC as transmission system for a 300 MW offshore wind farm , 2009 .

[2]  Lie Xu,et al.  Analysis and Control of Offshore Wind Farms Connected With Diode Rectifier-Based HVDC System , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[3]  Ronan Meere,et al.  Low Frequency AC transmission as an alternative to VSC-HVDC for grid interconnection of offshore wind , 2015, 2015 IEEE Eindhoven PowerTech.

[4]  M. Chinchilla,et al.  Control of permanent-magnet generators applied to variable-speed wind-energy systems connected to the grid , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[5]  Ashkan Nami,et al.  Frequency Control of Offshore Wind Farm With Diode-Rectifier-based HVdc Connection , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[6]  István Erlich,et al.  Offshore Wind Power Generation Technologies , 2013, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[7]  Johann W. Kolar,et al.  A Review of Control and Modulation Methods for Matrix Converters , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[8]  Volker Pickert,et al.  Modular multilevel matrix converter for offshore low frequency AC transmission system , 2017, 2017 IEEE 26th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE).

[9]  Bikash C. Pal,et al.  Transient Stability Analysis and Enhancement of Renewable Energy Conversion System During LVRT , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[10]  K. Rudion,et al.  Grid connection of offshore wind farm based DFIG with low frequency AC transmission system , 2012, 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.

[11]  M. Zubiaga,et al.  Evaluation and selection of AC transmission lay-outs for large offshore wind farms , 2009, 2009 13th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications.

[12]  H. Wrede,et al.  Low frequency AC for offshore wind power transmission - prospects and challenges , 2015 .

[13]  Bin Wu,et al.  Power Conversion and Control of Wind Energy Systems , 2011 .

[14]  Rui Li,et al.  Coordinated Control of Parallel DR-HVDC and MMC-HVDC Systems for Offshore Wind Energy Transmission , 2020, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics.

[15]  Xu Cai,et al.  Hybrid Topology of a Diode-Rectifier-Based HVDC System for Offshore Wind Farms , 2019, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics.

[16]  Timothy C. Green,et al.  Cost Analysis and Comparison of HVAC, LFAC and HVDC for Offshore Wind Power Connection , 2016 .

[17]  Shi You,et al.  Offshore wind farm connection with low frequency AC transmission technology , 2009, 2009 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting.

[18]  Joao Machado,et al.  Economic limitations of the HVAC transmission system when applied to offshore wind farms , 2015, 2015 9th International Conference on Compatibility and Power Electronics (CPE).

[19]  Ramón Blasco Giménez,et al.  LCC-HVDC Connection of Offshore Wind Farms With Reduced Filter Banks , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[20]  Liangzhong Yao,et al.  Large Offshore DFIG-Based Wind Farm With Line-Commutated HVDC Connection to the Main Grid: Engineering Studies , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[21]  Ramón Blasco Giménez,et al.  Efficiency and Fault Ride-Through Performance of a Diode-Rectifier- and VSC-Inverter-Based HVDC Link for Offshore Wind Farms , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[22]  Santiago Arnaltes Gómez,et al.  Reactive Power Synchronization Method for Voltage-Sourced Converters , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[23]  Santiago Arnaltes,et al.  Decentralized Control of Offshore Wind Farms Connected to Diode-Based HVdc Links , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[24]  U N Gnanarathna,et al.  Efficient Modeling of Modular Multilevel HVDC Converters (MMC) on Electromagnetic Transient Simulation Programs , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[25]  L. Fan,et al.  Modeling Type-4 Wind in Weak Grids , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[26]  Ronan Meere,et al.  Low Frequency AC transmission for offshore wind power: A review , 2016 .

[27]  Dianguo Xu,et al.  Enhanced FRT and Postfault Recovery Control for MMC-HVDC Connected Offshore Wind Farms , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[28]  Quanrui Hao,et al.  The algorithm for the parameters of AC filters in HVDC transmission system , 2008, 2008 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition.

[29]  G. Asher,et al.  Frequency Control Design for Offshore Wind Farm Grid With LCC-HVDC Link Connection , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[30]  W.L. Kling,et al.  HVDC Connection of Offshore Wind Farms to the Transmission System , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[31]  Xifan Wang,et al.  Feasibility of integrating large wind farm via fractional frequency transmission system a case study , 2014 .

[32]  Lie Xu,et al.  Distributed PLL-Based Control of Offshore Wind Turbines Connected With Diode-Rectifier-Based HVDC Systems , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[33]  Hans-Gunter Eckel,et al.  Fixed-reference-frame-control: A novel robust control concept for grid side inverters in HVDC connected weak offshore grids , 2014, 2014 16th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications.

[34]  Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt,et al.  Control of the Parallel Operation of VSC-HVDC Links Connected to an Offshore Wind Farm , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[35]  T.C. Green,et al.  Modeling, Analysis and Testing of Autonomous Operation of an Inverter-Based Microgrid , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[36]  Santiago Arnaltes,et al.  Modeling and Control of LCC Rectifiers for Offshore Wind Farms Connected by HVDC Links , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[37]  Angel G. Gonzalez-Rodriguez,et al.  Review of offshore wind farm cost components , 2017 .

[38]  Yonghua Song,et al.  Modern Power Systems Analysis , 2008 .

[39]  Willett Kempton,et al.  Transmission Design and Analysis for Large-Scale Offshore Wind Energy Development , 2019, IEEE Power and Energy Technology Systems Journal.

[40]  Bo Liu,et al.  Control scheme of hexagonal modular multilevel direct converter for offshore wind power integration via fractional frequency transmission system , 2018 .

[41]  Fainan Hassan,et al.  High-Frequency Operation of a DC/AC/DC System for HVDC Applications , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[42]  Yi Wang,et al.  A compositive control method of low-voltage ride through for PMSG-based wind turbine generator system , 2018 .

[43]  F. Nakamura,et al.  New cycloconvertor with static induction transistors , 1989 .

[44]  Lie Xu,et al.  Hierarchical control of offshore wind farm connected by parallel diode-rectifier based HVDC and HVAC links , 2019 .

[45]  R Blasco-Gimenez,et al.  Diode-Based HVdc Link for the Connection of Large Offshore Wind Farms , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[46]  P. B. Wyllie,et al.  Low Frequency AC Transmission - Elements of a Design for Wind Farm Connection , 2015 .

[47]  T. Funaki,et al.  Feasibility of the low frequency AC transmission , 2000, 2000 IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37077).

[48]  Ronan Meere,et al.  A Comparison of VSC-HVDC with Low Frequency AC for Offshore Wind Farm Design and Interconnection☆ , 2015 .

[49]  Nasser G.A. Hemdan,et al.  Parallel Operation of HVDC DRU and VSC Converters for Offshore Wind Farm Connection: Technical and Economic Feasibility , 2019, 15th IET International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission (ACDC 2019).