Small antenna configurations: implementation promises and problems

Ensemble antennas, composed of matched TE and TM sources, offer the potential for efficient radiation from an electrically small structure. Difficulties in the implementation of ensemble antennas include control of unwanted higher order modes and the large differences between the input impedances of TE and TM sources. The significance and control of higher order modes for TE and TM radiators are discussed. Input impedances of the individual radiators are considered in terms of source input impedances. Radiative properties of matched pairs of parallel dipoles, matched orthogonal dipoles, and matched pairs of dipole-quadrupole TE or TM sources with linear and circular polarizations are considered.