Évaluation de l'équilibre en pathologie neurologique et gériatrique

Resume Objectif. – Analyser l'interet clinique et les proprietes metrologiques des principales techniques d'evaluation posturale. Methodes. – Lecture de plus de 4000 resumes concernant le controle postural et les troubles de l'equilibre references dans Medline . Reperage des techniques cliniques d'evaluation posturale dont la frequence de citation et/ou certaines proprietes etaient remarquables. L'identification des mots cles correspondants permettait ensuite une recherche specifique et les articles analyses. Resultats. – L'evaluation posturale repose sur les echelles posturales composees de plusieurs items evalues par des scores ordinaux, les tests fondes sur une mesure metrique ou chronometrique de la performance posturale, la posturographie, ainsi que la mesure du sens de verticalite. Ces techniques sont complementaires et leur association souhaitable en clinique. La FES et l'ABC scale gagneraient a etre comparees et retravaillees afin de construire un bon instrument d'evaluation de la peur de la chute. Malgre une large diffusion le BBS et le FRT ne repondent pas aux criteres requis pour devenir les gold standarts en matiere d'echelle generique d'evaluation de l'equilibre. La posturographie statique souffre d'un manque de normalisation des conditions de passation et des indices mesures, ainsi que d'une mediocre reproductibilite. Les dissociations entre les modalites de mesure de la perception de la verticale imposent de preciser la pertinence clinique de ces outils. Le TT et le TUG sont les outils les mieux appropriees a l'evaluation de l'equilibre des personnes tres âgees chez qui la valeur predictive des indices posturaux pour la chute reste modeste. L'evaluation posturale apres AVC repose essentiellement sur le PASS, la posturographie et la perception de la verticale. Elle repose essentiellement sur cinq items de l'UPDRS chez le Parkinsonien, sur le test de Romberg et la posturographie pour les ataxies proprioceptive et cerebelleuse. A noter l'emergence de scores posturaux adaptes a la SEP ainsi qu'au blesse medullaire. Conclusion. – S'il existe de tres nombreux outils pour l'evaluation posturale, l'analyse complete de leur qualites metrologiques et de leur utilite clinique n'a ete effectuee que pour les outils de dernieres generations (10 dernieres annees). Pour qu'un outil s'impose, il faut maintenant que ses proprietes soient analysees comparativement a celle des outils existants.

[1]  A. Shumway-cook,et al.  Postural sway biofeedback: its effect on reestablishing stance stability in hemiplegic patients. , 1988, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[2]  Erika Jonsson,et al.  Does the functional reach test reflect stability limits in elderly people? , 2003, Journal of rehabilitation medicine.

[3]  E. James,et al.  The Timed Up and Go Test: unable to predict falls on the acute medical ward. , 2004, The Australian journal of physiotherapy.

[4]  Ann Ashburn,et al.  Developing methods to evaluate how people with Parkinson's Disease turn 180°: an activity frequently associated with falls , 2004 .

[5]  S. Bagg,et al.  The Berg balance scale as a predictor of length of stay and discharge destination in an acute stroke rehabilitation setting. , 1999, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[6]  B. E. Maki,et al.  A prospective study of postural balance and risk of falling in an ambulatory and independent elderly population. , 1994, Journal of gerontology.

[7]  R. Newton Balance screening of an inner city older adult population. , 1997, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[8]  C. Sackley The relationships between weight-bearing asymmetry after stroke, motor function and activities of daily living , 1990 .

[9]  L. Jørgensen,et al.  Higher Incidence of Falls in Long-Term Stroke Survivors Than in Population Controls: Depressive Symptoms Predict Falls After Stroke , 2002, Stroke.

[10]  B. E. Maki,et al.  Measuring balance in the elderly: validation of an instrument. , 1992, Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique.

[11]  T. Brandt,et al.  Wallenberg's syndrome: Lateropulsion, cyclorotation, and subjective visual vertical in thirty‐six patients , 1992, Annals of neurology.

[12]  A M Bronstein,et al.  The perception of body verticality (subjective postural vertical) in peripheral and central vestibular disorders. , 1996, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[13]  G. Rode,et al.  Postural asymmetry reduction by vestibular caloric stimulation in left hemiparetic patients. , 1998, Scandinavian journal of rehabilitation medicine.

[14]  S A Studenski,et al.  Does functional reach improve with rehabilitation? , 1993, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[15]  Lillemor Lundin-Olsson,et al.  Effects of a fall prevention program including exercise on mobility and falls in frail older people living in residential care facilities , 2004, Aging clinical and experimental research.

[16]  R. Baumgartner,et al.  One‐Leg Balance Is an Important Predictor of Injurious Falls in Older Persons , 1997, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[17]  Michael Fetter,et al.  Dissociation between the perception of body verticality and the visual vertical in acute peripheral vestibular disorder in humans , 1997, Neuroscience Letters.

[18]  U S Nayak,et al.  Balance in elderly patients: the "get-up and go" test. , 1986, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[19]  Y. van der Graaf,et al.  Measuring ataxia: quantification based on the standard neurological examination. , 1994, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[20]  K. Rockwood,et al.  Feasibility and measurement properties of the functional reach and the timed up and go tests in the Canadian study of health and aging. , 2000, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[21]  K. Berg Measuring balance in the elderly: preliminary development of an instrument , 1989 .

[22]  L. Nyberg,et al.  Patient falls in stroke rehabilitation. A challenge to rehabilitation strategies. , 1995, Stroke.

[23]  Hilde Feys,et al.  Effect of a physical therapeutic intervention for balance problems in the elderly: A single-blind, randomized, controlled multicentre trial , 2001, Clinical rehabilitation.

[24]  J. M. Guralnik,et al.  Risk Factors for Falling in Home-Dwelling Older Women With Stroke: The Women’s Health and Aging Study , 2003, Stroke.

[25]  R. Newton,et al.  Use of the Berg Balance Test to predict falls in elderly persons. , 1996, Physical therapy.

[26]  M. Gresty,et al.  Tilted perception of the subjective 'upright' in unilateral loss of vestibular function. , 1999, The American journal of otology.

[27]  Ordinal and timed balance measurements: reliability and validity in patients with stroke , 1993 .

[28]  Kristine Legters,et al.  Fear of falling. , 2002, Physical therapy.

[29]  Subjective vertical and vestibular lesion. , 1995, Acta oto-laryngologica. Supplementum.

[30]  J M Mol,et al.  Standardization in platform stabilometry being a part of posturography. , 1983, Agressologie: revue internationale de physio-biologie et de pharmacologie appliquees aux effets de l'agression.

[31]  K. Gill-Body,et al.  A yoga-based exercise program for people with chronic poststroke hemiparesis. , 2004, Physical therapy.

[32]  M. Morris,et al.  Clinical tests of standing balance: performance of persons with multiple sclerosis. , 2000, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[33]  B Amblard,et al.  Effect of physical training on head—hip co‐ordinated movements during unperturbed stance , 1997, Neuroreport.

[34]  G. Deuschl,et al.  Falls in frequent neurological diseases , 2004, Journal of Neurology.

[35]  F. Horak,et al.  Assessing the Influence of Sensory Interaction on Balance , 1986 .

[36]  D J Lanska,et al.  Romberg’s sign , 2000, Neurology.

[37]  J. Balogun,et al.  Age-related changes in balance performance. , 1994, Disability and rehabilitation.

[38]  S. Studenski,et al.  Functional reach: a new clinical measure of balance. , 1990, Journal of gerontology.

[39]  Subjective postural vertical in peripheral and central vestibular disorders. , 1995, Acta oto-laryngologica. Supplementum.

[40]  A. Blau,et al.  Berg Balance Scale and Outcome Measures in Acquired Brain Injury , 2001, Neurorehabilitation and neural repair.

[41]  A. Pickering,et al.  The effect of aerobic training on rehabilitation outcomes after recent severe brain injury: a randomized controlled evaluation. , 2001, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[42]  C Sherrington,et al.  Home exercise to improve strength and walking velocity after hip fracture: a randomized controlled trial. , 1997, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[43]  C. Benaïm,et al.  [Postural balance following stroke: towards a disadvantage of the right brain-damaged hemisphere]. , 1999, Revue neurologique.

[44]  France Mourey,et al.  Mini motor test: a clinical test for rehabilitation of patients showing psychomotor disadaptation syndrome (PDS). , 2005, Archives of gerontology and geriatrics.

[45]  B. Vellas,et al.  One-leg standing balance and functional status in a population of 512 community-living elderly persons , 1997, Aging.

[46]  Yves Lajoie,et al.  Effect of computerized feedback postural training on posture and attentional demands in older adults , 2004, Aging clinical and experimental research.

[47]  R T Linn,et al.  Admission balance and outcomes of patients admitted for acute inpatient rehabilitation. , 1998, American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation.

[48]  M. Thigpen,et al.  Concurrent and construct validity of scores on the Timed Movement Battery. , 2001, Physical therapy.

[49]  E. W. Miller,et al.  Body weight support treadmill and overground ambulation training for two patients with chronic disability secondary to stroke. , 2002, Physical therapy.

[50]  R. Shiavi,et al.  Comparison of biomechanics platform measures of balance and videotaped measures of gait with a clinical mobility scale in elderly women. , 1990, Journal of gerontology.

[51]  F Honegger,et al.  Trunk sway measures of postural stability during clinical balance tests: effects of a unilateral vestibular deficit. , 2001, Gait & posture.

[52]  B. Amblard,et al.  Biased postural vertical in humans with hemispheric cerebral lesions , 1998, Neuroscience Letters.

[53]  A. Monsch,et al.  Identifying a cut-off point for normal mobility: a comparison of the timed 'up and go' test in community-dwelling and institutionalised elderly women. , 2003, Age and ageing.

[54]  L. K. Boulgarides,et al.  Use of clinical and impairment-based tests to predict falls by community-dwelling older adults. , 2003, Physical therapy.

[55]  D. Pérennou Vers une meilleure compréhension et une évaluation quantifiée du « pushing », un comportement postural dû à certains AVC , 2005 .

[56]  G. Kwakkel,et al.  Measuring gait and gait-related activities in Parkinson's patients own home environment: a reliability, responsiveness and feasibility study. , 2005, Parkinsonism & related disorders.

[57]  L. Nyberg,et al.  “Stops walking when talking” as a predictor of falls in elderly people , 1997, The Lancet.

[58]  Y. Doi,et al.  Effects of Exercise on Neurobehavioral Function in Community‐Dwelling Older People More Than 75 Years of Age , 1996, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[59]  A. Behrman,et al.  Is the functional reach test useful for identifying falls risk among individuals with Parkinson's disease? , 2002, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[60]  C. Richards,et al.  Responsiveness and predictability of gait speed and other disability measures in acute stroke. , 2001, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[61]  Klaus Hauer,et al.  Measuring the Psychological Outcomes of Falling: A Systematic Review , 2005, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[62]  Fugl-Meyer Ar,et al.  Post-stroke hemiplegia assessment of physical properties. , 1980 .

[63]  Sarah F Tyson,et al.  Reliability and validity of functional balance tests post stroke , 2004, Clinical rehabilitation.

[64]  S. Gibson,et al.  Fear of falling revisited. , 1996, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[65]  M. Tinetti Performance‐Oriented Assessment of Mobility Problems in Elderly Patients , 1986, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[66]  J. Bernhardt,et al.  Changes in balance and locomotion measures during rehabilitation following stroke. , 1998, Physiotherapy research international : the journal for researchers and clinicians in physical therapy.

[67]  L M Bouter,et al.  Predictors for Falls and Fractures in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam , 1998, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[68]  Lalit Kalra,et al.  A Randomized Controlled Trial of an Enhanced Balance Training Program to Improve Mobility and Reduce Falls in Elderly Patients , 2003, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[69]  M. Tinetti Factors Associated with Serious Injury During Falls by Ambulatory Nursing Home Residents , 1987, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[70]  B. Brouwer,et al.  Use of visual feedback in retraining balance following acute stroke. , 2000, Physical therapy.

[71]  L. Tesio,et al.  A short measure of balance in multiple sclerosis: validation through Rasch analysis. , 1997, Functional neurology.

[72]  A. Forster,et al.  Incidence and consequences offalls due to stroke: a systematic inquiry , 1995, BMJ.

[73]  M Richards,et al.  Interrater reliability of the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale motor examination , 1994, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[74]  G. Kerkhoff Multimodal spatial orientation deficits in left-sided visual neglect , 1999, Neuropsychologia.

[75]  M Dieterich,et al.  Vestibular cortex lesions affect the perception of verticality , 1994, Annals of neurology.

[76]  M Rousseaux,et al.  Validation of a standardized assessment of postural control in stroke patients: the Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients (PASS). , 1999, Stroke.

[77]  B. Czaczkes,et al.  Sitting equilibrium 2 weeks after a stroke can predict the walking ability after 6 months. , 1996, Gerontology.

[78]  E. Roth,et al.  Incidence of and Risk Factors for Medical Complications During Stroke Rehabilitation , 2001, Stroke.

[79]  S. Wood-Dauphinée,et al.  The Balance Scale: reliability assessment with elderly residents and patients with an acute stroke. , 1995, Scandinavian journal of rehabilitation medicine.

[80]  S. Fahn Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale , 1987 .

[81]  H. Shimada,et al.  Specific effects of balance and gait exercises on physical function among the frail elderly , 2003, Clinical rehabilitation.

[82]  R. Montoya,et al.  Balance and gait analysis after 30 days -6 degrees bed rest: influence of lower-body negative-pressure sessions. , 1992, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[83]  A. Jette,et al.  Reliability of clinical balance outcome measures in the elderly. , 1998, Physiotherapy research international : the journal for researchers and clinicians in physical therapy.

[84]  J. Didier,et al.  Incidence, circonstances et conséquences des chutes chez les patients en rééducation après un premier accident vasculaire cérébral , 2005 .

[85]  Ching-Fan Sheu,et al.  Trunk Control as an Early Predictor of Comprehensive Activities of Daily Living Function in Stroke Patients , 2002, Stroke.

[86]  J. Nitz,et al.  Normal Values of Balance Tests in Women Aged 20–80 , 2004, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[87]  T. Stevenson Detecting change in patients with stroke using the Berg Balance Scale. , 2001, The Australian journal of physiotherapy.

[88]  P. Gerdhem,et al.  Clinical history and biologic age predicted falls better than objective functional tests. , 2005, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[89]  Mau-Roung Lin,et al.  Psychometric Comparisons of the Timed Up and Go, One‐Leg Stand, Functional Reach, and Tinetti Balance Measures in Community‐Dwelling Older People , 2004, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[90]  J. Bean,et al.  High intensity strength training improves strength and functional performance after stroke. , 2000, American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation.

[91]  J. Furman,et al.  Concurrent validity of the Berg Balance Scale and the Dynamic Gait Index in people with vestibular dysfunction. , 2003, Physiotherapy research international : the journal for researchers and clinicians in physical therapy.

[92]  Lester M. Wolfson,et al.  Stressing the Postural Response , 1986, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[93]  S Studenski,et al.  A randomized, controlled pilot study of a home-based exercise program for individuals with mild and moderate stroke. , 1998, Stroke.

[94]  B. S. Smith,et al.  The measure of balance in sitting in stroke rehabilitation prognosis. , 1990, Stroke.

[95]  B. Amblard Les descripteurs du contrôle postural , 1998 .

[96]  A. Leroux Exercise training to improve motor performance in chronic stroke: effects of a community-based exercise program , 2005, International journal of rehabilitation research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Rehabilitationsforschung. Revue internationale de recherches de readaptation.

[97]  J. Woo,et al.  Falls among Chinese stroke patients during rehabilitation. , 2001, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[98]  J. Kurtzke Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis , 1983, Neurology.

[99]  D. Krebs,et al.  Functional reach: does it really measure dynamic balance? , 1999, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[100]  L. Mollinger,et al.  Age- and gender-related test performance in community-dwelling elderly people: Six-Minute Walk Test, Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up & Go Test, and gait speeds. , 2002, Physical therapy.

[101]  S. Lord,et al.  Postural stability, falls and fractures in the elderly: results from the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study , 1994 .

[102]  K. Covinsky,et al.  History and mobility exam index to identify community-dwelling elderly persons at risk of falling. , 2001, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[103]  D. Rose,et al.  Can the Control of Bodily Orientation Be Significantly Improved in a Group of Older Adults with a History of Falls? , 2000, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[104]  P J Holliday,et al.  Psychological indicators of balance confidence: relationship to actual and perceived abilities. , 1996, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[105]  R Iansek,et al.  Performance on clinical tests of balance in Parkinson's disease. , 1998, Physical therapy.

[106]  R. Hicks,et al.  Balance and mobility following stroke: effects of physical therapy interventions with and without biofeedback/forceplate training. , 2001, Physical therapy.

[107]  M. Tinetti,et al.  Systematic home-based physical and functional therapy for older persons after hip fracture. , 1997, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[108]  L. Wolfson,et al.  Gait assessment in the elderly: a gait abnormality rating scale and its relation to falls. , 1990, Journal of gerontology.

[109]  S. Studenski,et al.  Randomized clinical trial of therapeutic exercise in subacute stroke. , 2003, Stroke.

[110]  K. Gill-Body,et al.  Determinants of balance confidence in community-dwelling elderly people. , 2003, Physical therapy.

[111]  C M Epstein,et al.  Abnormalities in posturography and estimations of visual vertical and horizontal in multiple sclerosis. , 1995, The American journal of otology.

[112]  D. Pérennou,et al.  [Exercices program and rehabilitation of motor disorders in Parkinson's disease]. , 2000, Revue neurologique.

[113]  A. Geurts,et al.  Intrasubject variability of selected force-platform parameters in the quantification of postural control. , 1993, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[114]  Eric Vicaut,et al.  Perception of Verticality After Recent Cerebral Hemispheric Stroke , 2002, Stroke.

[115]  C. Fattal,et al.  Validation d'une grille de capacités motrices du tétraplégique opéré du ou des membres supérieurs , 2004 .

[116]  Patricia S. Smith,et al.  Berg Balance Scale and Functional Reach: determining the best clinical tool for individuals post acute stroke , 2004, Clinical rehabilitation.

[117]  D. Wade,et al.  Assessing motor impairment after stroke: a pilot reliability study. , 1990, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[118]  Diane Podsiadlo,et al.  The Timed “Up & Go”: A Test of Basic Functional Mobility for Frail Elderly Persons , 1991, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[119]  T. Ivanova,et al.  Postural responses to unilateral arm perturbation in young, elderly, and hemiplegic subjects. , 1997, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[120]  F Barkhof,et al.  MS Functional Composite , 2000, Neurology.

[121]  Ching-Fan Sheu,et al.  Analysis and Comparison of the Psychometric Properties of Three Balance Measures for Stroke Patients , 2002, Stroke.

[122]  R. Walker,et al.  Incidence and prediction of falls in Parkinson's disease: a prospective multidisciplinary study , 2002, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[123]  P. Era,et al.  Changes in Postural Balance in Frail Elderly Women during a 4-Week Visual Feedback Training: A Randomized Controlled Trial , 2004, Gerontology.

[124]  B. Amblard,et al.  Understanding the pusher behavior of some stroke patients with spatial deficits: a pilot study. , 2002, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[125]  F Franchignoni,et al.  Reliability of four simple, quantitative tests of balance and mobility in healthy elderly females , 1998, Aging.

[126]  S. Garland,et al.  Standing balance during internally produced perturbations in subjects with hemiplegia: validation of the balance scale. , 1996, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[127]  P J Holliday,et al.  Clinical and laboratory measures of postural balance in an elderly population. , 1992, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[128]  Incidence, circonstances et conséquences des chutes chez les patients en rééducation après un premier accident vasculaire cérébral , 2005 .

[129]  A. Böhmer,et al.  The subjective visual vertical as a clinical parameter of vestibular function in peripheral vestibular diseases. , 1995, Journal of vestibular research : equilibrium & orientation.

[130]  J. Dichgans,et al.  The origin of contraversive pushing , 2000, Neurology.

[131]  L. Tesio,et al.  Trunk control test as an early predictor of stroke rehabilitation outcome. , 1997, Stroke.

[132]  A M Bronstein,et al.  Dissociation of visual and haptic vertical in two patients with vestibular nuclear lesions , 2003, Neurology.

[133]  S. Barker,et al.  Reliability of measurements obtained with a modified functional reach test in subjects with spinal cord injury. , 1998, Physical therapy.

[134]  E. Duarte,et al.  Trunk control test as a functional predictor in stroke patients. , 2002, Journal of rehabilitation medicine.

[135]  L. E. Powell,et al.  The Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale. , 1995, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[136]  Chun-Hou Wang,et al.  Psychometric properties of 2 simplified 3-level balance scales used for patients with stroke. , 2004, Physical therapy.

[137]  T. Steffen,et al.  Testing functional performance in people with Parkinson disease. , 2005, Physical therapy.

[138]  S Iwarsson,et al.  The timed ‘Up & Go’ is dependent on chair type , 2002, Clinical rehabilitation.

[139]  Jacques Honoré,et al.  Subjective Visual Vertical in Pitch and Roll in Right Hemispheric Stroke , 2005, Stroke.

[140]  M. Tinetti,et al.  Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community. , 1988, The New England journal of medicine.

[141]  J. Poole,et al.  A review of balance instruments for older adults. , 1998, The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association.

[142]  L. Nashner Adaptation of human movement to altered environments , 1982, Trends in Neurosciences.

[143]  R. P. Fabio,et al.  Influence of sensory inputs on standing balance in community-dwelling elders with a recent history of falling. , 1992, Physical therapy.

[144]  J. Villberg,et al.  The reliability, distribution, and responsiveness of the Postural Control and Balance for Stroke Test. , 2005, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[145]  M. Tinetti,et al.  Falls efficacy as a measure of fear of falling. , 1990, Journal of gerontology.

[146]  J. Dichgans,et al.  The coordination of posture and voluntary movement in patients with cerebellar dysfunction , 1992, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[147]  A. Zwinderman,et al.  Prospective assessment of falls in Parkinson's disease , 2001, Journal of Neurology.

[148]  R A Liston,et al.  Reliability and validity of measures obtained from stroke patients using the Balance Master. , 1996, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[149]  M. Limburg,et al.  Risk factors for falls of hospitalized stroke patients. , 1997, Stroke.

[150]  R. Dickstein,et al.  Foot-ground pressure pattern of standing hemiplegic patients. Major characteristics and patterns of improvement. , 1984, Physical therapy.

[151]  S. Fritz,et al.  Rating scale analysis of the Berg Balance Scale. , 2004, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[152]  Vikas Agarwal,et al.  A model to aid in the prediction of discharge location for stroke rehabilitation patients. , 2003, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[153]  M. Dewey,et al.  The reliability of balance, mobility and self-care measures in a population of adults with a learning disability known to a physiotherapy service , 2005, Clinical rehabilitation.

[154]  C. W. Mann,et al.  The perception of the vertical; visual and non-labyrinthine cues. , 1949, Journal of experimental psychology.

[155]  B. E. Maki,et al.  Fear of falling and postural performance in the elderly. , 1991, Journal of gerontology.

[156]  H. Wallmann,et al.  Comparison of elderly nonfallers and fallers on performance measures of functional reach, sensory organization, and limits of stability. , 2001, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.