Embryology of the human fetal hippocampus: MR imaging, anatomy, and histology.

PURPOSE To identify changes in the embryology of the hippocampus responsible for its adult anatomy. METHODS Ten human fetal specimens ranging from 13 to 24 weeks' gestational age were examined with MR imaging. Dissections and histologic sections of 10 different specimens of similar ages were compared with MR imaging findings. RESULTS At 13 to 14 weeks' gestation, the unfolded hippocampus, on the medial surface of the temporal lobe, surrounds a widely open hippocampal sulcus (hippocampal fissure). At 15 to 16 weeks, the dentate gyrus and cornu ammonis have started to infold. The hippocampal sulcus remains open. The parahippocampal gyrus is larger and more medially positioned. The CA1, CA2, and CA3 fields of the cornu ammonis are arranged linearly. The dentate gyrus has a narrow U shape. By 18 to 20 weeks, the hippocampus begins to resemble the adult hippocampus. The dentate gyrus and cornu ammonis have folded into the temporal lobe. The hippocampus and subiculum approximate each other across a narrow hippocampal sulcus. The CA1-3 fields form an arc and the CA4 field has increased in size within the widened arch of the dentate gyrus. CONCLUSION MR imaging of fetuses provides a developmental basis for understanding hippocampal anatomy.