A green method for the simultaneous determination of Cd and Pb in soil and sediment by slurry sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

A simple and reliable green method for the simultaneous determination of Cd and Pb in soil and sediment by slurry sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (SlS-SIMAAS) is proposed. Under the optimum conditions, sample masses in the range of 5–40 mg were weighed into polypropylene tubes (50 mL) and diluted (30–50 mL) with 0.1% (v/v) of nitric acid + 0.025% (m/v) of Triton® X-100. Considering the compromised conditions, the heating program for the simultaneous determination of Cd and Pb used 600 °C and 2000 °C as pyrolysis and atomization temperatures, respectively. Several chemical modifiers were investigated, but the best recovery and reliable result were obtained using the universal mixture 5 μg Pd + 3 μg Mg. A volume of 10 μL of slurry was introduced into the graphite tube after manual homogenization. The detection limits (n = 10, 3σ) were 0.14 μg L−1 (1.4 pg) for Cd and 1.2 μg L−1 (12 pg) for Pb. The characteristic masses were 1.2 pg and 25 pg for Cd and Pb respectively. The reliability of the proposed method was checked using Certified Reference Materials (Buffalo River, IEAEA 356, MESS 1, BCSS1 and NIST 2703) analysis.

[1]  P. Malingappa,et al.  A binderless, covalently bulk modified electrochemical sensor: application to simultaneous determination of lead and cadmium at trace level. , 2012, Analytica chimica acta.

[2]  Qiao-juan Gong,et al.  Preconcentration and determination of lead and cadmium in water samples with a MnO2 coated carbon nanotubes by using ETAAS , 2011 .

[3]  P. Oliveira,et al.  Simultaneous determination of Cr, Fe, Ni and V in crude oil by emulsion sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry , 2011 .

[4]  K. Spencer,et al.  An appraisal of microwave-assisted Tessier and BCR sequential extraction methods for the analysis of metals in sediments and soils , 2011 .

[5]  R. Dobrowolski,et al.  Comparison of action of mixed permanent chemical modifiers for cadmium and lead determination in sediments and soils by slurry sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. , 2010, Talanta.

[6]  T. Kazi,et al.  Comparison of Different Extraction Approaches for Heavy Metal Partitioning in Sediment Samples , 2009 .

[7]  Fábio Kummrow,et al.  Biomonitoring method for the simultaneous determination of cadmium and lead in whole blood by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry for assessment of environmental exposure. , 2008, Talanta.

[8]  W. D. dos Santos,et al.  Current Status of Direct Solid Sampling for Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry—A Critical Review of the Development between 1995 and 2005 , 2006 .

[9]  C. Schulz,et al.  Revised and new reference values for arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury in blood or urine of children: basis for validation of human biomonitoring data in environmental medicine. , 2006, International journal of hygiene and environmental health.

[10]  O. Acar.  Molybdenum, Mo-Ir and Mo-Ru coatings as permanent chemical modifiers for the determination of cadmium and lead in sediments and soil samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry , 2005 .

[11]  P. Kakkar,et al.  Biological markers for metal toxicity. , 2005, Environmental toxicology and pharmacology.

[12]  M. Barciela-Alonso,et al.  Study of cadmium, lead and tin distribution in surface marine sediment samples from Ria de Arousa (NW of Spain) , 2004 .

[13]  D. Barałkiewicz,et al.  Study of parameters associated with the determination of cadmium in lake sediments by slurry sampling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry , 2004 .

[14]  M. M. El-defrawy,et al.  Reference intervals of cadmium, lead, and mercury in blood, urine, hair, and nails among residents in Mansoura city, Nile delta, Egypt. , 2002, Environmental research.

[15]  D. Barałkiewicz.  Fast determination of lead in lake sediment samples using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with slurry samples introduction. , 2002, Talanta.

[16]  M. Hoenig.  Preparation steps in environmental trace element analysis - facts and traps. , 2001, Talanta.

[17]  M. Waalkes.  Cadmium carcinogenesis in review. , 2000, Journal of inorganic biochemistry.

[18]  I. López-García,et al.  Slurry sampling for the determination of lead, cadmium and thallium in soils and sediments by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with fast-heating programs , 1996 .

[19]  P. Bermejo-Barrera,et al.  Slurry sampling for the determination of lead in marine sediments by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using palladium–magnesium nitrate as a chemical modifier , 1994 .

[20]  M. Hoenig,et al.  Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry: Fast or conventional programs? , 1993 .

[21]  R. Wollast,et al.  Automated trace metal analyses of slurried solid samples by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with application to sediments and suspended matter collected in natural waters , 1989 .