Advanced real-time digital simulator for assessing the high performance of numerical distance relays in the Indonesian 500 kV transmission line system

The paper presents results from an extensive study, based on the Indonesian 500 kV shunt compensation network, of evaluating the performance of the numerical distance relay using a modern real time digital simulator. Tripping time and correct operation are two important indications to evaluate the performance of a numerical distance relay under transient behaviour. Operating principle elements, such as superimposed phase current selector, directional element (memory polarised) and distance zone element using mho for phase fault and mho and quadrilateral for ground fault, are applied to the distance relays. All of those elements were evaluated and tested. Two terminal testing is sufficient to test relay transient performance. Three-phase voltages and three-phase currents for each terminal of the relay are generated from PSCAD and injected to the relays. Almost 200 cases with different combinations of various fault types, position, inception angles and fault resistances are essential to evaluate relay transient performance.