Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide on flat metallic cathodes

The most important methods for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide on flat metallic cathodes have been systematically summarized using a novel classification approach. In contrast to the usual classification systems that were based solely on the products of electrolysis, the electroreduction procedures have been grouped according to both the nature of the cathode (sp or d group metal electrodes) and the solvent used for the supporting electrolyte (aqueous or nonaqueous solutions). The new classification system allows the identity of the electroreduction product to be better related to the nature of the metallic electrode and the supporting electrolyte. Similar reduction products are formed by each of the four possible combinations of electrodes and supporting electrolytes (sp group metals in aqueous and nonaqueous electrolytes, and d group metals in aqueous and nonaqueous electrolytes, respectively). The discussion has included both synthetic aspects and mechanistic considerations. Of special interest in this review is the discussion of procedures for the selective preparation of formic acid and for the manufacturing of hydrocarbons and/or alcohols using carbon dioxide as the carbon source.

[1]  Akira Naitoh,et al.  Electrochemical reduction of CO2 in methanol at −30°C , 1995 .

[2]  A. Aldaz,et al.  Electrochemical behaviour of Pt(100), Pt(111) and Pt polycrystalline surfaces in hydrogencarbonate solution , 1995 .

[3]  F. Solymosi.  Surface interaction between H2 and CO2 on Rh/Al2O3, studied by adsorption and infrared spectroscopic measurements , 1980 .

[4]  D. T. Sawyer,et al.  Electrochemistry of carbon dioxide in dimethyl sulfoxide at gold and mercury electrodes , 1967 .

[5]  Y. Hori,et al.  Reduction of adsorbed Co on a Ni electrode in connection with the electrochemical reduction of CO2 , 1993 .

[6]  M. Shibata,et al.  Electrochemical synthesis of urea on reduction of carbon dioxide with nitrate and nitrite ions using Cu-loaded gas-diffusion electrode , 1995 .

[7]  H. Yoshitake,et al.  Isotopic product distributions of CO2 electrochemical reduction on a D flowing-out Pd surface in protonic solution and reactivities of “subsurface” hydrogen , 1995 .

[8]  Christian Amatore,et al.  Mechanism and kinetic characteristics of the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide in media of low proton availability , 1981 .

[9]  Masahiro Hiramoto,et al.  Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide on Various Metal Electrodes in Low‐Temperature Aqueous KHCO 3 Media , 1990 .

[10]  H. Hosoya,et al.  An ab initio study of interactions of carbon monoxide and metal electrodes , 1993 .

[11]  A. Sammells,et al.  Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to methane at high current densities , 1987 .

[12]  E. Brunner,et al.  Fluid mixtures at high pressures IV. Isothermal phase equilibria in binary mixtures consisting of (methanol + hydrogen or nitrogen or methane or carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide) , 1987 .

[13]  Andrzej Czerwiński,et al.  The comparative study of CO2 + Hads reaction on platinum electrode in H2O and D2O☆ , 1975 .

[14]  K. Hashimoto,et al.  Carbon dioxide reduction at low temperature on various metal electrodes , 1989 .

[15]  D. Summers,et al.  The Electrochemical Reduction of Aqueous Carbon Monoxide and Methanol to Methane at Ruthenium Electrodes , 1988 .

[16]  S. Nakagawa,et al.  EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON THE ELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION OF CO2 ON GROUP VIII METAL ELECTRODES , 1991 .

[17]  Chiehming J. Chang,et al.  Solubilities of Carbon Dioxide and Nitrous Oxide in Cyclohexanone, Toluene, and N,N-Dimethylformamide at Elevated Pressures , 1995 .

[18]  A. Bard,et al.  Electrochemical and Surface Studies of Carbon Dioxide Reduction to Methane and Ethylene at Copper Electrodes in Aqueous Solutions , 1989 .

[19]  Akira Okumura,et al.  Preparation of cu-solid polymer electrolyte composite electrodes and application to gas-phase electrochemical reduction of CO2 , 1995 .

[20]  J. Vázquez,et al.  Electrochemical behaviour of Pt(110) in carbonate and bicarbonate solutions , 1991 .

[21]  Y. Hori,et al.  Electroreduction of CO to CH4 and C2H4 at a Copper Electrode in Aqueous Solutions at Ambient Temperature and Pressure. , 1987 .

[22]  K. S. Udupa,et al.  The electrolytic reduction of carbon dioxide to formic acid , 1971 .

[23]  Kaname Ito,et al.  Electrochemical Reduction Products of Carbon Dioxide at Some Metallic Electrodes in Nonaqueous Electrolytes , 1985 .

[24]  A. Sasaki,et al.  Effect of temperature on electrochemical reduction of high-pressure CO2 with In, Sn, and Pb electrodes , 1995 .

[25]  Akira Naitoh,et al.  Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide in methanol at low temperature , 1993 .

[26]  K. W. Frese,et al.  The electrochemical reduction of aqueous carbon dioxide to methanol at molybdenum electrodes with low overpotentials , 1986 .

[27]  E. Cattaneo,et al.  Reduction of carbon dioxide to methane and ethene—an on-line MS study with rotating electrodes , 1990 .

[28]  Andrew B. Bocarsly,et al.  A new homogeneous electrocatalyst for the reduction of carbon dioxide to methanol at low overpotential , 1994 .

[29]  J. Augustynski,et al.  Long-Term Activation of the Copper Cathode in the Course of CO2 Reduction , 1994 .

[30]  J. Augustynski,et al.  Electrochemical reduction of bicarbonate ions at a bright palladium cathode , 1985 .

[31]  K. Hashimoto,et al.  Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to higher hydrocarbons in a KHCO3 aqueous solution , 1990 .

[32]  Shi-gang Lu,et al.  Electroreduction of carbon dioxide on palladium electrodes at potentials higher than the reversible hydrogen potential , 1994 .

[33]  V. S. Bagotzky,et al.  Electroreduction of carbon dioxide: Part II. The mechanism of reduction in aprotic solvents , 1985 .

[34]  A. Anagnostopoulos,et al.  Influence CO2 partial pressure and the supporting electrolyte cation on the product distribution in CO2 electroreduction , 1993 .

[35]  K. Hara,et al.  Electrochemical reduction of high pressure CO2 at Pb, Hg and In electrodes in an aqueous KHCO3 solution , 1995 .

[36]  C. Stalder,et al.  Catalysis of the exchange of hydrogen and carbon isotopes in the water/hydrogen and bicarbonate/formate redox couples: a comparison of the exchange current densities on palladium , 1984 .

[37]  K. Ohta,et al.  Photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to hydrocarbon using copper-loaded titanium dioxide , 1994 .

[38]  Gyoichi Nogami,et al.  Pulsed Electroreduction of CO 2 on Copper Electrodes , 1993 .

[39]  Akihiko Kudo,et al.  Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide under high pressure on various electrodes in an aqueous electrolyte , 1995 .

[40]  K. W. Frese,et al.  Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Methane, Methanol, and CO on Ru Electrodes , 1985 .

[41]  Kaname Ito,et al.  Kinetics of Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide on a Gold Electrode in Phosphate Buffer Solutions , 1995 .

[42]  S. Jahn,et al.  Ueber elektrolytische Reduction der Kohlensäure , 1904 .

[43]  H. Eyring,et al.  Electrode reduction kinetics of carbon dioxide in aqueous solution , 1972 .

[44]  J. Macleod,et al.  The synthesis of (±) cis-trikentrin a , 1988 .

[45]  Y. Hori,et al.  Electroreduction of carbon monoxide to methane and ethylene at a copper electrode in aqueous solutions at ambient temperature and pressure , 1987 .

[46]  T. Iwasita,et al.  Structural efects on CO2 reduction at Pt single-crystal electrodes: Part 2. Pt(111) and vicinal surfaces in the [011] zone , 1994 .

[47]  C. Fuganti,et al.  Phenylacetyloxymethylene, a carboxyl protecting group removable with immobilized penicillin acylase, useful in benzyl penicillin chemistry , 1988 .

[48]  J. Bockris,et al.  Electrocatalysis: past, present and future , 1994 .

[49]  Andrzej Czerwiński,et al.  Kinetics of carbon dioxide adsorption on a platinum electrode , 1974 .

[50]  V. Bagotsky,et al.  Electroreduction of carbon dioxide: Part I. The mechanism and kinetics of electroreduction of CO2 in aqueous solutions on metals with high and moderate hydrogen overvoltages , 1985 .

[51]  V. Andreev,et al.  Composition and properties of the adsorption products of CO and CO2 on platinized platinum , 1989 .

[52]  C. Hahn,et al.  The development of new microelectrode gas sensors: an odyssey. Part 2. O2 and CO2 reduction at membrane-covered gold microdisc electrodes , 1995 .

[53]  C. Fierro,et al.  Electroreduction of carbon dioxide on platinum single crystal electrodes: Electrochemical and in-situ ftir studies. (Reannouncement with new availability information). Technical report, 1990-1991 , 1990 .

[54]  K. Hara,et al.  Electrochemical reduction of high pressure carbon dioxide on Fe electrodes at large current density , 1995 .

[55]  A. Fujishima,et al.  Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide on hydrogen-storing materials , 1994 .

[56]  Kaname Ito,et al.  Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide at Various Metal Electrodes in Aqueous Potassium Hydrogen Carbonate Solution , 1990 .

[57]  A. Rodes,et al.  Structural effects on CO2 reduction at Pt single-crystal electrodes: Part 1. The Pt(110) surface , 1994 .

[58]  E. M. Brown,et al.  Carbon dioxide fixation by electrochemical reduction in water to oxalate and glyoxylate , 1988 .

[59]  Kaname Ito,et al.  Selective Formation of Formic Acid, Oxalic Acid, and Carbon Monoxide by Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide , 1987 .

[60]  R. Smith,et al.  A Radiometric Study of Carbon Dioxide Adsorption on Platinum , 1974 .

[61]  Satoshi Taguchi,et al.  Surface-structure sensitive reduced CO2 formation on Pt single crystal electrodes in sulfuric acid solution , 1994 .

[62]  S. Nakagawa,et al.  Electrochemical reduction of high pressure CO[sub 2] on Ni electrodes , 1993 .

[63]  F. Solymosi,et al.  Methanation of CO2 on supported rhodium catalyst , 1981 .

[64]  C. Hahn,et al.  The development of new microelectrode gas sensors: an odyssey. Part 1. O2 and CO2 reduction at unshielded gold microdisc electrodes , 1995 .

[65]  Y. Hori,et al.  Adsorption of CO accompanied with simultaneous charge transfer on copper single crystal electrodes related with electrochemical reduction of CO2 to hydrocarbons , 1995 .

[66]  Y. Hori,et al.  CO2 Reduction on Rh single crystal electrodes and the structural effect , 1995 .

[67]  John O’M. Bockris,et al.  Surface Electrochemistry: A Molecular Level Approach , 1993 .

[68]  Y. Hori,et al.  Infrared Spectroscopic Observation of Adsorbed CO Intermediately Formed in the Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 at a Nickel Electrode , 1992 .

[69]  R. Ehrenfeld.  Zur elektrolytischen Reduction der Kohlensäure , 1905 .

[70]  A. Fujishima,et al.  Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 with High Current Density in a CO2-Methanol Medium , 1995 .

[71]  H. Stephen,et al.  Solubilities of inorganic and organic compounds , 1963 .

[72]  J. J. Kim,et al.  Reduction of CO2 and CO to methane on Cu foil electrodes , 1988 .

[73]  H. Eyring,et al.  Kinetic studies of the electrolytic reduction of carbon dioxide on the mercury electrode , 1969 .

[74]  A. Fujishima,et al.  Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide on hydrogenstoring materials. Part 1. The effect of hydrogen absorption on the electrochemical behavior on palladium electrodes , 1993 .

[75]  Norman Hackerman,et al.  The Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide and Formic Acid on Tin and Indium Electrodes , 1983 .

[76]  O. Márquez,et al.  FTIR spectroscopy study of the electrochemical reduction of CO2 on various metal electrodes in methanol , 1995 .

[77]  T. Iwasita,et al.  On the study of adsorbed species at platinum from methanol, formic acid and reduced carbon dioxide via in situ FT-ir spectroscopy , 1992 .