Simple physical model of liquid water

We propose a simple two-state model of water to explain the unusual thermodynamic and dynamic behavior of liquid water. Our model is based on a physical picture that there exist two competing orderings in water, namely, density ordering and bond ordering. Short-range bond ordering leads to the formation of a rather stable locally favored structure (in a ground state) in a sea of disordered normal-liquid structures (in an excited state). Its fraction increases with decreasing temperature, obeying a Boltzmann factor. The concept of a “symmetry (or volume) element” is introduced to specify such locally favored structures in an unambiguous manner. The most probable candidate of such locally favored structures is an “octameric unit,” which is an elementary structural unit of ice Ih. According to this picture, the uniqueness of water comes from that below the crossover pressure Pc (∼2  kbar) the short-range bond order can develop into the long-range order (crystallization into ice Ih). Note that in ordinary liq...

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