Comparing bags of features, conventional convolutional neural network and AlexNet for fruit recognition

This paper presents a comparative study between Bag of Features (BoF), Conventional Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Alexnet for fruit recognition.  Automatic fruit recognition can minimize human intervention in their fruit harvesting operations, operation time and harvesting cost.  On the other hand, this task is very challenging because of the similarities in shapes, colours and textures among various types of fruits. Thus, a robust technique that can produce good result is necessary. Due to the outstanding performance of deep learning like CNN and its pre-trained models like AlexNet in image recognition, this paper investigates the accuracy of conventional CNN, and Alexnet in recognizing thirty different types of fruits from a publicly available dataset.  Besides that, the recognition performance of BoF is also examined since it is one of the machine learning techniques that achieves good result in object recognition.   The experimental results indicate that all of these three techniques produce excellent recognition accuracy. Furthermore, conventional CNN achieves the fastest recognition result compared to BoF, and Alexnet.